Table 2.
Summarization of published phase III clinical trials of immunotherapy of GBM.
| Reference | Published year | Immunotherapy | Population | Size of interventional group | Intervention | Size of control group | Control | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reardon et al. [19] | 2020 | ICIs | rGBM | 184 | NIVO | 185 | Bevacizumab | mOS: 13.4 versus 14.9 m |
| mPFS: 6.0 versus 6.2 m | ||||||||
| 3–4 grades AE: 21.9% versus 25.1% | ||||||||
| Omuro et al. [20] | 2022 | ICIs | nGBM, MGMT promoter unmethylation | 280 | RT+NIVO, adjuvant NIVO | 280 | STUPP regimen | mOS: 28.9 versus 32.1 m |
| mPFS: 10.6 versus 10.3 m | ||||||||
| 3–4 grades AE: 18.1% versus 15.2% | ||||||||
| Lim et al. [21] | 2022 | ICIs | nGBM, MGMT promoter methylation | 358 | RT+TMZ+NIVO, adjuvant TMZ+NIVO | 358 | STUPP regimen+placebo | mOS: 9.8 versus 10.0 m |
| mPFS: 1.5 versus 3.5 m | ||||||||
| 3–4 grades AE: 52.4% versus 33.6% | ||||||||
| Weller et al. [22] | 2017 | Peptide vaccine | nGBM | 369 | Rindopepimut+TMZ | 372 | Keyhole hemocyanin+TMZ | MRD |
| mOS: 19.5 versus 19.2 m | ||||||||
| mPFS: 8.0 m versus7.4 m | ||||||||
| SRD | ||||||||
| mOS: 16.1 versus 15.6 m | ||||||||
| mPFS: 3.7 versus 3.7 m | ||||||||
| Narita et al. [23] | 2019 | Peptide vaccine | rGBM | 58 | PPV | 30 | Placebo | mOS: 8.4 versus 8.0 m |
| Liau et al. [24] | 2022 | DC vaccine | nGBM | 232 | DCVax‐L+TMZ | 1366 | Historical control | mOS: 19.3 versus 16.5 m |
| rGBM | 64 | DCVax‐L | 640 | Historical control | mOS: 13.2 versus 7.8 m | |||
| Rainov [25] | 2000 | Virotherapy | nGBM | 124 | Surgery+RT+HSV‐tk+Ganciclovir | 124 | Surgery+RT | mOS: 365 versus 354 d |
| Westphal et al. [26] | 2013 | Virotherapy | nHGG | 119 | SOC+ADV‐tk+Ganciclovir | 117 | SOC | mOS: 497 versus 452 d |
| Cloughesy et al. [27] | 2020 | Virotherapy | rGBM | 128 | VB‐111+Bevacizumab | 128 | Bevacizumab | mOS: 6.8 versus 7.9 m |
| mPFS: 3.4 versus 3.7 m | ||||||||
| ≥3 grades AE: 67.5% versus 39.6% | ||||||||
| Timothy F. Cloughesy [91] | 2020 | Virotherapy | rHGG | 201 | Toca 511+Toca FC | 199 | SOC (Lomustine/TMZ/Bevacizumab) | mOS:11.1 versus 12.2 m |
Abbreviations: AE, adverse effects; DC, Dendritic cell; ICIs, immune checkpoint inhibitors; MGMT, O‐6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase; mOS, median overall survival; mPFS, mdian progression‐free survival; MRD, minimal residual disease; nGBM, newly diagnosed glioblastoma; nHGG, newly diagnosed high‐grade glioma; NIVO, nivolumab; PPV, personalized peptide vaccination; rGBM, recurrent glioblastoma; rHGG, recurrent high‐grade glioma; RT, radiotherapy; SOC, standard of care; SRD, significant residual disease; TMZ, temozolomide.