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Authors/Date
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Database
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Research aim(s)
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Intervention/Technique
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Surgical outcomes/Summary
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Recommendations
|
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Seo et al. (2021) [3]
|
PubMed
|
To explore the current trends in orthognathic surgery
|
3D printing
|
Improved surgical outcomes with a shorter duration of surgery
|
Improved the accuracy of osteotomy, enabled the fabrication of intermediate and final splints, and significantly shortened preoperative surgical planning with intraoperative osteotomies and fixation
|
|
Iyer et al. (2021) [4]
|
PubMed
|
To focus on the factors leading to frequently encountered conditions of acquired facial asymmetry and highlight their clinical evaluation and conservative and surgical interventions by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians
|
Sereophotogrammetric
|
Lack of exposure to radiation and lack of requirements for patient compliance
|
Have been promoted as effective tools for facial asymmetry diagnosis
|
|
Khechoyan et al (2013) [5]
|
PubMed
|
To describe the general surgical principles that underlie orthognathic surgery, highlighting the sequence of treatment, preoperative analysis of dentofacial deformity, surgical execution of the treatment plan, and possible complications
|
Virtual computer planning
|
Virtual computer planning promotes a more accurate analysis of dentofacial deformity and preoperative planning
|
It is also an invaluable aid in providing comprehensive patient education
|
|
Reyneke et al (2021) [8]
|
Springer
|
Diagnosis and planning of orthognathic surgery using different aids
|
3D virtual treatment planning
|
It behooves surgeons to continue to develop proficiency in traditional cephalometry-based treatment planning
|
Virtual 3D planning is another tool to aid in diagnosis and surgical planning
|
|
Levine et al (2012) [9]
|
PubMed
|
To illustrate the ease with which virtual surgery and computer-aided design and manufacturing can be used by the craniomaxillofacial surgeon to create tremendously accurate postoperative results and provide confidence with even the most complex three-dimensional bony reconstructions
|
The evolution of their current technique initially involved the use of stereolithographic models as templates. Pre-planning each phase of the operation including the osteotomies on the mandible and lower extremity by using staged cutting guides
|
Virtual surgical planning (VSP) and model design have given us the ability to visualize the surgery before it occurs, design the desired outcome, provide guides for performing the surgery, and furnish tools for confirming the match between the planned and desired outcome
|
Virtual planning for correction of all forms of acquired and congenital craniofacial deformities and facial syndromes can be of great benefit and produce more desirable results than traditional methods
|
|
Hammoudeh et al. (2015) [10]
|
PubMed
|
To determine whether the application and feasibility of virtual model surgery is at a point where it will eliminate the need for traditional model surgery in both the private and academic settings
|
VSP
|
The true application and potential superiority of VSP lies in the double-jaw procedures, where LeFort I and BSSO are necessary
|
Virtual model surgery will displace and replace traditional model surgery
|
|
Apostolakis et al. (2022) [11]
|
PubMed
|
To describe the use of the available digital technology in the workflow of CAOS and to provide insights into the advantages and limitations arising from the use of both hardware and software
|
Computer-aided orthognathic surgery
|
There is evidence that supports the use of CAOS, which is based on the lack of time-consuming preparatory steps, more accurate treatment planning, and, overall, better surgical results
|
There is also evidence of an increased need for training and higher costs
|
|
Anand et al. (2021) [12]
|
DovePress
|
To provide an overview of the indication of navigation in craniofacial surgeries with a focus on applied aspect, planning, and solution to the future problem
|
Navigation
|
Suggested remarkable improvements in surgical outcomes under the guidance of 3D planning and navigation
|
Financial expenses and a gradual learning curve are always constraining factors in surgical navigation
|
|
Farrell et al. (2020) [13]
|
PubMed
|
To evaluate the digital planning and patient-specific implants for dentofacial deformities
|
Digital planning and patient-specific implants
|
Digital planning provides perspectives of the occlusal and anatomic correction with preoperative insights that can improve intraoperative efficiency and clinical outcomes
|
Patient-specific implants applied for the correction of dentofacial deformities continue to evolve through the merger of advances in rigid internal fixation and digital planning
|
|
Elnagar et al. (2020) [14]
|
PubMed
|
To provide an overview of the digital workflow process for combined orthodontics and orthognathic surgery treatment starting from data acquisition (3D scanning, cone-beam computed tomography), data preparation, processing, and creation of a 3D virtual augmented model of the head
|
3D scanning and cone-beam computed tomography
|
Templates fabricated by using 3D printing fit well on the bone when surgery is performed
|
Although 3D virtual treatment planning of orthodontics and orthognathic surgery offers an unprecedented tool, the limitation of rendering and manipulation of the 3D data on a 2D screen may still lead to some errors in planning
|
|
Zoabi et al. (2022) [16]
|
PubMed
|
To offer perspectives on the implementation of 3D-based technologies in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, while indicating major clinical applications
|
3D printing
|
3D technologies have had a tremendous impact on clinical outcomes and on the way clinicians approach treatment planning. 3D printing stands out in its ability to rapidly fabricate complex structures and precise geometries
|
The establishment of 3D PoC facilities can bring these technologies closer to the surgeon, thereby making them easier to incorporate into daily practice and improving clinical outcomes
|
|
Hoang et al. (2016) [17]
|
PubMed
|
To learn how 3D printing has been used in surgery and how to potentially apply this technology
|
3D printing
|
There is a large array of potential applications for 3D printing. Decreasing cost and increasing ease of use are making this technology more available
|
The road to implementing this technology in clinical practice can initially appear daunting, with the necessary use of unfamiliar software and the large number of 3D-printing modalities available. With the use of a multidisciplinary team and rapid advancements in the field, incorporating 3D printing into a suitable application can be a highly rewarding process
|
|
Pillai et al. (2021) [18]
|
PubMed
|
To provide a brief outlook on the most recent manufacturing methods of 3D-printed objects and their current and future implications
|
3D printing
|
CT and 3D printing are paving the way to produce surgical guides; however, some of the materials used may not be autoclavable and sterilizable, thus limiting their use. In addition, accuracy is often dictated by the quality of the original scan taken by intraoral scanners, which remain inaccurate when taking full arch scans or surfaces with irregularities
|
New standards using the equipment will have to be defined to ensure that the patient’s standard of care, health, and safety are not compromised
|
|
Lee et al. (2021) [19]
|
PubMed
|
To develop a complete digital workflow for planning, simulation, and evaluation for orthognathic surgery based on 3D digital natural head position reproduction, a cloud-based collaboration platform, and 3D landmark-based evaluation
|
3D landmark-based evaluation
|
Orthognathic surgery outcomes performed using the digital workflow showed high accuracy for the patients
|
The collaboration between the surgeon and other specialists will play a central role in better planning and management of the digital workflow in orthognathic surgery
|
|
Sun et al (2013) [20]
|
PubMed
|
To present and discuss a workflow regarding computer-aided surgical planning for bimaxillary surgery and intermediate splint fabrication
|
Computer-aided surgical planning for bimaxillary surgery and intermediate splint fabrication
|
Under clinical circumstances, the accuracy of the designed intermediate splint satisfied the requirements for bimaxillary surgery
|
Additional studies should continue to examine the reliability and accuracy of this method in a larger series
|
|
Sahim et al. (2023) [21]
|
PubMed
|
To assess whether VSP possesses a comparative advantage over traditional surgical planning (TSP) in the context of bimaxillary osteotomy.
|
TSP and VSP have been used in bimaxillary osteotomy planning
|
VSP demonstrates superior performance over TSP in reducing the planning time for bimaxillary osteotomy, although the difference in timing during surgery is not statistically significant
|
The efficiency of bimaxillary osteotomy planning can be enhanced by increasing the proficiency of healthcare practitioners in utilizing recently developed technologies
|
|
Chen et al. (2021) [22]
|
PubMed
|
The objective is to assess the benefits of VSP and TSP to ascertain the potential superiority of the current VSP technique over the TSP technique for orthognathic surgery
|
VSP and TSP
|
The VSP technique demonstrated a clinically significant improvement in soft tissue prediction in the sagittal plane
|
The VSP technique has emerged as a viable alternative to the TSP technique in the context of orthognathic surgery, particularly with regard to frontal esthetic considerations
|
|
Barone et al. (2020) [23]
|
PubMed
|
To assess the precision of jaw repositioning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, a comparison was made between traditional and digital surgical planning in patients with skeletal class III
|
Digital surgical planning
|
The accuracy of jaw repositioning was significantly improved when using digital surgical planning compared to the traditional protocol
|
Employing digital planning is advised to attain accuracy and precision
|
|
Lonic et al. (2016) [24]
|
PubMed
|
The objective is to examine the parameters that undergo the most frequent changes during the transition from a traditional 2D plan to a 3D simulation, as well as to determine which planning parameters can be better adjusted using this method
|
3D simulation
|
3D simulation provides crucial data for precise planning in complex cleft lip/palate cases that involve facial asymmetry, which is often overlooked in traditional 2D planning
|
The preference lies with 3D simulation as opposed to 2D planning
|
|
Birbara et al. (2019) [25]
|
PubMed
|
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and authenticate the use of 3D modeling and printing technology for the production of patient-specific 3D models
|
Patient-specific 3D-printed models
|
The prototype method exhibited submillimeter precision for all four utilized 3D printing methods, and statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in precision among these methods
|
The continuous advancements in 3D modeling and printing technology could prove to be a valuable tool
|
|
Mathew et al. (2020) [35]
|
PubMed
|
The clinical implementation and advantages derived from the use of 3D models in surgical planning and execution
|
3D reconstruction of the deformity and pre-operative adaptation of plate
|
Surgical planning and execution are enhanced by 3D models in treating mid-face deficiency and extensive jaw pathologies, resulting in improved outcomes and patient satisfaction
|
3D-printed models are helpful in preoperative treatment planning, which significantly increases accuracy and saves time
|
|
Narita et al. (2020) [36]
|
PubMed
|
To assess and compare the operating time and amount of bleeding in two groups of patients: one group of 25 individuals who underwent surgery with the aid of a 3D model in preoperative simulations, and another group of 20 patients who did not utilize a 3D model
|
Desktop 3D printing technique
|
The development of 3D printing technology has made it feasible to obtain patient-specific 3D models at a fraction of their previous cost
|
In-house 3D printing techniques can be used to decrease the operating time
|
|
Mehra et al. (2011) [37]
|
PubMed
|
The aim of this study is to assess the viability of incorporating 3D stereolithographic technology into complex maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
|
Stereolithographic technique using 3D printing
|
The implementation of 3D models in oral and maxillofacial surgery has led to a substantial enhancement in the predictability of clinical outcomes when compared to treatments that do not incorporate these models
|
It allowed for the assessment of extensive traumatic and pathologic defects in three dimensions before surgical reconstruction
|
|
Segaran et al. (2021) [38]
|
PubMed
|
To provide the reader with insights into 3D printing and how it is used in preoperative planning
|
Stereolithography
|
Even less experienced surgeons can modify the implant shape before surgery, making it simpler
|
The best situation is when there is a shared comprehension of the medical and technical aspects of 3D printing until easier-to-use software becomes available
|
|
Denadai et al. (2020) [39]
|
PubMed
|
Assessing the effectiveness of computer-aided planning in cleft patients
|
Computer-aided planning
|
Achieving better surgical outcomes by reducing the burden of care
|
Facial aesthetics and surgical feasibility have gained valuable insights from 3D imaging and surgical simulation. The conventional method is being replaced by the surgery-first approach and two-jaw orthognathic surgery
|
|
Sun et al. (2023) [40]
|
PubMed
|
The utilization of 3D printing technology in medical education and clinical practice is highlighted by the production of low-cost and affordable 3D-printed models
|
3D-printed models
|
The educational value of 3D-printed models in medicine cannot be overstated, as they enhance the understanding of anatomy, pathology, and disease for students, graduates, patients, and their families
|
Clinical value is seen in personalized 3D-printed models for preoperative planning and simulating complex surgeries, leading to improved outcomes and reduced risks
|
|
Hosny et al. (2018) [41]
|
PubMed
|
The study aims to assess the accuracy of alternative techniques as existing methods overlook the finer details
|
Bitmap-based multi-material 3D printing
|
By using bitmap-based 3D printing, complex and biologically accurate functional gradients can be physically visualized, allowing for the application of this technology in new areas of medical research
|
Researchers are actively investigating full-color, bitmap-based printing approaches to achieve more lifelike 3D-printed representations of patient-specific anatomy
|
|
Lin et al. (2018) [43]
|
ScienceDirect
|
The benefits of incorporating 3D printing techniques in orthognathic surgery include optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and precise treatment plan execution
|
3D-printed splints, models, and implants
|
It provides information that can be helpful for researchers and clinicians considering the use of 3D printing techniques in orthognathic surgery
|
The technology can be used to make patient-specific implants and splints. It increases accuracy and adaptability
|
|
Ye et al. (2019) [44]
|
PubMed
|
The objective of this research was to determine the accuracy of 3D-printed splints produced from different dental model offsets
|
The Boolean operation was used to create digital splints
|
3D-printed splints from offset dental models provide a better fit on teeth than those from no-offset dental models. The optimal parameter for generating the splint is a 0.1 mm offset
|
Dental splints or guides are advanced tools used to treat dental and surgical conditions such as bruxism and temporomandibular disorders
|
|
Shaheen et al. (2018) [45]
|
PubMed
|
To enhance the existing 3D planning protocols for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery
|
Virtual 3D planning printing
|
Suggested a solution for resolving the problem of overlapping dentitions during virtual 3D planning and fabrication of digital intermediate splints for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery
|
Digitally 3D-printed splints were clinically accepted at an intermediate stage
|
|
Hanafy et al. (2020) [46]
|
PubMed
|
Comparing computer-aided orthognathic surgery to classic occlusal wafers for accuracy assessment
|
CAD/CAM splints and patient-specific osteosynthesis
|
This new technology made it easier to handle cases of skeletal asymmetry, reduced surgery duration and enabled trainee surgeons to perform the procedure accurately and quickly
|
Recommended for aspirants, but the cost is high
|
|
Thurzo et al. (2022) [47]
|
PubMed
|
This study introduces the concept and methodology of biocompatible 3D printing, along with intraoral and extraoral 3D surface scans, for custom appliances in patients with craniofacial disorders
|
Patient-specific 3D implants
|
The technique benefits infants by increasing patient compliance and accuracy, which is a main concern due to their rapid growth
|
Where patient compliance is not good
|
|
Costan et al. (2021) [48]
|
PubMed
|
To present the experience with using 3D printing in preoperative planning for acute mid-face trauma, an understudied area
|
3D-printed stereolithic models
|
The acute mid-face trauma setting saw favorable outcomes with the applicable 3D printing protocol
|
Understanding the steps for achieving the stereolithic model is crucial for adapting 3D printing to manage acute mid-face trauma
|
|
Fan et al. (2017) [49]
|
PubMed
|
To describe and assess the use of 3D printing for personalized reconstructive surgery in orbital fracture repair
|
3D technique-aided surgical reconstruction
|
In the 3D group, the average surgical duration was considerably less than in the control group. Moreover, the 3D group showed better postoperative clinical evaluation compared to the control group
|
The 3D printing technique is highly valuable for predicting precise fracture zones in personalized surgery, aiding accurate anatomical reconstruction for blowout orbital fracture repairs
|
|
Pang et al. (2018) [50]
|
PubMed
|
Examining the practicality of utilizing locally available 3D printing services for perioperative planning in orbital floor reconstruction with porous polyethylene
|
3D printing and modeling
|
The incorporation of a 3D-printed model decreased operative time and the duration of anesthesia. Trimming and molding defect-specific Medpor from the model easily reduces material fatigue. In addition, the model aided in educating patients and explaining the surgical procedure
|
The enhancement of patient care is achieved through the effective reduction of operative time and anesthesia duration
|
|
Lin et al. (2015) [52]
|
PubMed
|
A literature review on the utilization of computer-aided techniques in orthognathic surgery, encompassing surgical planning, simulation, intraoperative translation of the virtual surgery, and postoperative evaluation
|
3D imaging
|
The utilization of computer-aided methodology in orthognathic surgery offers advantages such as optimal functional and aesthetic outcomes, patient contentment, accurate execution of the treatment plan, and facilitation of intraoperative adjustments
|
The utilization of intraoperative guidance aids surgeons in effectively mobilizing skeletal segments to their intended position during surgical procedures, thus warranting its promotion
|
|
Tanikawa et al. (2022) [53]
|
PubMed
|
To assess the precision of dentition superimposition on CBCT images by employing palatal mucosa, both with and without the application of barium sulfate coating
|
Intraoral digital models
|
The errors observed in CBCT images acquired with barium sulfate were markedly reduced compared to uncoated images
|
A novel and non-invasive technique was developed to precisely overlay an intraoral digital model onto CBCT images using barium sulfate-coated palatal mucosa
|
|
Barone et al. (2013) [54]
|
PubMed
|
To introduce a multi-modal framework that enables the fusion of diverse digital techniques, resulting in the creation of a comprehensive 3D virtual maxillofacial model. This model seamlessly integrates a photorealistic face, facial skeleton, and dentition
|
The aim of this study is to establish a superimposition method on the lower arch utilizing 3D CBCT images and orthodontic 3D digital modeling
|
The technique ensures precise placements among distinct anatomical tissues via pairwise fusion processes, as the procedure is guided and controlled by ground truth references
|
Full automation of these activities is necessary for the implementation of 3D virtual imaging in daily practice
|
|
Park et al. (2012) [55]
|
PubMed
|
To develop the superimposition method on the lower arch by utilizing 3D CBCT images and orthodontic 3D digital modeling
|
3D imaging
|
The surface superimposition method produced relatively more consistent coordinate values
|
Surface superimposition proved to be the simpler and more reliable method for evaluating 3D changes in the lower arch
|
|
Lin et al. (2015) [56]
|
PubMed
|
To evaluate the reliability of point-based superimposition of a digital dental model onto a 3D CT skull with undamaged dentition
|
3D CT
|
Achieving clinically acceptable accuracy is possible through the utilization of a direct point-based method for superimposing a digital dental model onto a 3D CT skull
|
Not applicable
|
|
Kim et al. (2010) [57]
|
PubMed
|
To assess the precision of the fusion of CT-derived bone models and laser-scanned dental models using sequential point- and surface-based markerless registration for the formation of a digital maxillofacial dental model
|
3D models
|
Accurate integration of the maxillofacial dental composite model can be achieved without the use of fiducial markers, despite the differing resolutions of the CT and dental models
|
Not applicable
|
|
Noh et al. (2011) [58]
|
PubMed
|
To assess the registration errors associated with the integration of laser-scanned dental images into CBCT scan data, as well as to investigate the impact of the registration area on the registration accuracy
|
3D imaging.
|
The findings of this study suggest that the accuracy of integrating laser-scanned dental images into maxillofacial CBCT images is enhanced when a larger registration area is utilized
|
Minor details like tooth structure may get missed, which may be necessary for the treatment
|
|
Park et al. (2020) [59]
|
PubMed
|
To utilize 3D planning software to register intraoral scan (IS) models and cast scan (CS) models onto CBCT images. Furthermore, to assess the accuracy of registration based on scanning methods and 3D planning software
|
Intraoral scan models and cast scan
|
The accuracy of registration using the PR function of the 3D planning software packages was notably superior to that of registration using the MR function
|
Not applicable
|
|
Nilsson et al. (2016) [60]
|
PubMed
|
To create a 3D model of the craniomaxillofacial region and utilize intraoral digital scanning for the precise positioning of the lower jaw in centric relation, thereby obviating the necessity for plaster casts and model surgery
|
3D model
|
It reduces the lab work in recording virtual bites. No casts and models are required
|
Recommended for digital sharing of data without transferring physical impressions
|
|
Waard et al. (2016) [61]
|
PubMed
|
This study evaluates the feasibility of adding a detailed dentition surface model to the 3D virtual skull using intraoral scanning compared to the triple scan procedure
|
3D imaging
|
Intraoral scans offer a precise depiction of the dental arches in comparison to AlgiNot-dental casts and can be combined with CBCT scans
|
The proposed method provides benefits and demonstrates clinical feasibility in the integration of intraoral scans into CBCT scans, thereby enhancing orthognathic surgery planning
|
|
Zheng et al. (2016) [63]
|
PubMed
|
To compare 3D-rendered images and 3D-printed models for treatment planning
|
3D imaging and model
|
3D-printed models improve the quality of surgical trainee’s preoperative plans
|
3D-printed models are better than 3D-reconstructed images
|
|
Engel et al. (2015) [64]
|
PubMed
|
Surgical correction was planned using 3D printing modeling in severe orbital hypertelorism of an 11-year-old boy
|
3D model
|
This approach enabled a reduction in surgical time, precise planning of osteotomy locations, and pre-contouring of osteosynthesis materials
|
3D models are very helpful tools in planning complex craniofacial operative procedures
|
|
Nkenke et al. (2014) [65]
|
PubMed
|
The primary goal of the procedure is to restore the patient’s normal function and appearance
|
3D model
|
The prefabrication of the vascularized free fibula graft enabled the simultaneous occurrence of prosthetic rehabilitation and bony maxillary reconstruction
|
Not applicable
|
|
Chai et al. (2015) [66]
|
PubMed
|
To explore the utilization of a 3D scanning and printing system in combination with an anterolateral thigh dermal adipofascial flap for the management of Parry-Romberg syndrome and facial soft tissue reconstruction
|
3D-printed models
|
Models were generated through the use of 3D printing to map areas of soft tissue deficiency. The design of anterolateral thigh dermal adipofascial flaps was developed using 3D models of soft tissue insufficiency. All flaps survived
|
For adaptation of flaps and grafts
|
|
Mendez et al. (2015) [67]
|
PubMed
|
To assess the viability, expense, and production timeline of personalized skull models produced via an in-office 3D printer for craniofacial reconstruction
|
VSP using 3D printing
|
The feasibility of VSP “in office” 3D printing has been demonstrated, offering a more cost-effective and time-efficient approach to creating surgical models and guides
|
Intraoperative efficacy can be improved with low-cost technology
|
|
Singh et al. (2021) [68]
|
PubMed
|
To summarize the current state of VSP
|
3D model
|
These approaches offer insights that can contribute to the advancement of tailored surgical procedures and intelligent medical devices with utmost accuracy and precision
|
For precision and accuracy
|
|
Ho et al. (2017) [69]
|
PubMed
|
To assess surgical plan modification after 3D simulation
|
3D printing
|
The implementation of 3D computer-aided surgical simulation contributes to the enhancement of planning for patients with complaints of facial prognathism and asymmetry
|
Better outcomes than the conventional methods
|
|
Seres et al. (2014) [70]
|
PubMed
|
This report showcases a case of facial asymmetry caused by computerized simulation surgery instead of manual model surgery, resulting in a virtual wafer splint fabrication
|
3D-printed splint
|
The facial symmetry experienced a notable improvement, leading to the attainment of a stable occlusion. The benefits of computer-aided surgical planning and 3D rapid prototyping are demonstrated by this intricate case, which involves the correction of facial asymmetries
|
Recommended for complex cases
|
|
Lee et al. (2016) [71]
|
PubMed
|
To evaluate preoperative planning using a 3D-printed model
|
3D model
|
Guidance for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery included intraoperative visualization and quantification of deviations. Simulated skeletal models and landmarks enhance conventional navigational surgery for bone repositioning in the craniomaxillofacial area
|
Not applicable
|
|
Adolphs et al. (2014) [72]
|
PubMed
|
The retrospective assessment involved comparing predictions and surgical results to evaluate the potential and feasibility of virtual craniomaxillofacial surgery as an additional planning tool
|
3D-printed models
|
Virtual craniomaxillofacial planning has proven to be a beneficial adjunctive planning tool for determining the ideal surgical approach in individualized treatment concepts
|
The integration of traditional 3D models with virtual simulation has enhanced the efficiency of planning and implementation of craniomaxillofacial corrections
|
|
Hsu et al. (2013) [73]
|
PubMed
|
The objective of this prospective multicenter study was to evaluate the precision of a computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) protocol for orthognathic surgery
|
Computer-generated surgical splints
|
The CASS protocol enables the accurate and consistent transfer of the computerized plan to the patient, facilitating precise alignment of the maxilla and mandible during surgery
|
The accuracy of repositioning the chin segment is significantly enhanced by utilizing the computer-generated chin template, as opposed to relying solely on intraoperative measurements
|
|
Lin et al. (2015) [74]
|
PubMed
|
To develop a technique for creating personalized positioning guides to facilitate the translation of virtual plans into real orthognathic surgery, as well as to assess the practicality and accuracy of the developed technique
|
Computer-aided positioning guide
|
The proposed customized positioning guides offer practicality and reliability in the translation of virtual plans to real-life surgical interventions. Additionally, these guides have enhanced the efficiency and outcomes of surgical procedures
|
The design of this approach is straightforward, the fabrication is cost-effective, and it is particularly convenient to use
|
|
Resnick et al. (2016) [77]
|
PubMed
|
This study aimed to evaluate the cost difference between VSP and 3D printing of splints versus 2D cephalometric evaluation, model surgery, and manual splint fabrication
|
VSP and standard planning
|
The findings of this study suggest that utilizing VSP for bimaxillary orthognathic surgery results in reduced time and costs compared to standard planning for the analyzed cases
|
VSP is economical as well as more accurate
|
|
Steinhuber at al. (2018) [78]
|
PubMed
|
To assess and contrast the duration of VSP versus conventional surgical planning (CSP) in orthognathic surgery, taking into account the surgical procedure, personnel, and work setting
|
The treatment approach involves manual splint fabrication for CSP and CAD/CAM splint fabrication for VSP
|
Office-based VSP for orthognathic surgery was significantly faster for single- and double-jaw surgery
|
Not applicable
|
|
Park et al. (2019) [79]
|
PubMed
|
To analyze the time and cost variations between CSP and VSP in orthognathic surgery
|
Surgical stents were fabricated through manual and 3D printing.
|
The time investment in VSP in this study was significantly smaller than that in CSP
|
VSP
|
|
Tarsitano et al. (2016) [80]
|
PubMed
|
To evaluate the cost generated by the management of this technology
|
CAD/CAM technologies
|
CAD/CAM technology is projected to emerge as a prevalent approach to mandibular reconstruction, as its expenses are anticipated to be compensated by the benefits of reduced surgical time, enhanced reconstruction quality, and fewer complications
|
The application of CAD/CAM technologies in maxillofacial bone reconstruction offers the advantages of increased precision, reduced morbidity, and shorter operative time
|
|
Kim et al. (2011) [81]
|
PubMed
|
To present the clinical experience concerning the production and precision of digitally printed wafers for maxillary movement during bimaxillary orthognathic surgery
|
Digital model surgery
|
The accuracy levels of wafers produced via digital model surgery (DMS) were akin to those achieved through manual model surgery, albeit marginally lower than those solely produced by DMS
|
Manual and digital model studies have similar outcomes
|
|
Chaudhuri et al. (2022) [82]
|
PubMed
|
To identify the value proposition, creation, capture, and provision of value to users by healthcare 3D printing service providers, as well as the required resources and capabilities for value co-creation by the clinical team
|
3D printing
|
Providers of 3D printing services and hospital surgical teams have the opportunity to collaborate and leverage their resources to enhance capabilities and create value through their interactions
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As hospitals are at the initial stages of incorporating 3D printing for surgical procedures, 3D printing service providers are capitalizing on their exploitative capabilities, while the surgical team is showcasing a combination of explorative and exploitative capabilities to actively engage in the co-creation process and generate value
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King et al. (2018) [83]
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PubMed
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To compare the intraoperative time and operating room costs among patients with mandibular fractures who underwent conventional adaptation and fixation versus those who were treated with preadapted plates generated from on-site 3D-printed models
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3D modeling and printing
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The utilization of 3D printers for the fabrication of models in prebending maxillofacial reconstruction plates is correlated with a reduction in both operating room time and costs
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Employing an on-site 3D printer involves minor start-up and usage expenses, leading to a noteworthy reduction in operating room time, which continues to be one of the most expensive elements of facial trauma care
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Heufelder et al. (2017) [84]
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PubMed
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To evaluate the efficacy of a recently developed approach for waferless maxillary positioning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, employing customized surgical guides and patient-specific osteosynthesis implants
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Customized surgical guides and patient-specific osteosynthesis fabricated using CAD/CAM technology
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Achieving waferless maxillary positioning in dentofacial deformities can be accomplished with exceptional precision by employing CAD/CAM patient-specific implants and surgical guides to translate the virtual simulation into surgical practice
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The implementation of this technique has the capacity to alter the current approach to maxillary positioning in clinical routine
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Kim et al. (2023) [85]
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PubMed
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This research seeks to critically assess the progression and limitations of traditional approaches in orthognathic and oral maxillofacial surgery, while also exploring the potential advantages of integrating advanced technological tools, such as 3D technology, into surgical procedures
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3D printing
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Not applicable
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The combination of 3D printing and VSP serves as a catalyst for transforming surgical planning and implementation. This is accomplished by offering tactile 3D models for visualization and planning, as well as precisely designed surgical guides for accurate execution. Professionals are required to attain the necessary skills for utilizing the software employed in the design and creation of 3D-printed models and surgical guides
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Bailey et al. (1981) [87]
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PubMed
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The study compared relationships between the occlusal plane and the Frankfort plane using radiographs and articulator transfers
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Radiographs
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No method shows a definite advantage in transferring the Frankfort plane to the articulator
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The Frankfort plane-maxillary occlusal plane relationship that exists in a subject is not transferred to the Hanau articulator with the two third points of reference studied
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Amundson et al. (2020) [88]
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PubMed
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The emergence of reliable tools such as VSP, surgical navigation, intraoperative imaging, and customizable implants have made them important topics of discussion in implant surgery and orthognathic surgery
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3D printing, 3D modeling
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Not discussed
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The implementation of VSP, surgical navigation, intraoperative imaging, and customizable implants has proven to be effective in implant surgery and orthognathic surgery, and their adoption is increasing in the trauma setting
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Yamada et al. (2014) [89]
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PubMed
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The usefulness of mandibular reconstructions employing a custom-made titanium mesh (Ti-mesh) tray and particulate cancellous bone and marrow was evaluated
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3D printing
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In six out of nine patients, there was remarkable new bone formation observed, with radiological results meeting expectations. Four patients experienced complications. The complications encompassed fracture of the Ti-mesh, exposure of the Ti-mesh in the oral cavity, and delayed infection
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To avoid fracture of the Ti-mesh tray, it is advisable to consider a combination repair involving a titanium reconstruction plate or the creation of a reinforced Ti-mesh tray for future cases with long-span defects, such as those in the chin area
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Gerbino et al. (2015) [90]
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PubMed
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To examine surgical outcomes in patients with craniofacial defects who underwent primary and secondary reconstruction using PEEK patient-specific prostheses created with CAD/CAM
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Patient-specific implants
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No complications
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The accurate restoration of the complex 3D anatomy of the craniofacial region is made possible through the use of PEEK CAD/CAM implants
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Farrell et al. (2014) [91]
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PubMed
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To gauge the increased efficiency through virtual planning
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CASS
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Research has proven the accuracy of VSP and its ability to improve clinical outcomes compared to the traditional model
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VSP allows for preoperative understanding of the surgery and the use of cutting jigs/guides and templates can reduce intraoperative surgical inaccuracies
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