TABLE 2. Comparison of Warming Methods.
| Warming Items | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glove | Gel Pack | Blanket | P | |
| Primary outcome | ||||
| Blood flow velocity, μL/s | ||||
| Unadjusted median (minimum-maximum) | 4.4 (2.4-12.9) | 4.5 (1.8-11.6) | 5.0 (2.0-8.8) | |
| Estimate (95% CI) adjusted for cluster | 4.0 (3.6-4.6) | 3.9 (3.5-4.4) | 4.0 (3.5-4.5) | .91 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Hemolysis index, μmol/L | ||||
| Unadjusted median (minimum–maximum) | 27.5 (4-199)a | 29.5 (2-138)a | 27.5 (5-166)a | |
| Estimate (95% CI) adjusted for cluster | 27.3 (21.3-34.9)a | 28.1 (21.8-36.2)a | 27.5 (21.7-34.8)a | .99 |
| COMFORTneo score during heel stick | ||||
| Unadjusted median (minimum-maximum) | 14 (10-26)a | 14 (9-26)a | 14 (9-22) | |
| Estimate (95% CI) adjusted for cluster | 14 (13-15)a | 14 (13-15)a | 13 (13-14) | .76 |
| Postprocedure heel appearanceb | .07 | |||
| Not examined | 5 | 9 | 5 | |
| Normal, n (%) | 40 (77) | 44 (88) | 48 (92) | |
| Skin injured, n (%) | 12 (23) | 6 (12) | 4 (8) | |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
aOne missing data in group.
bData only available for 154 procedures hence 19 were not examined.