Table 1.
Pregnancy, Neonatal, and 9-Yr Follow-Up Characteristics of the Participants in the 9-Yr Follow-Up Study
| Metformin | Insulin | p | |
| Mother, pregnancy | n = 77 | n = 82 | |
| Age (yr), 1st antenatal visit | 32.7 ± 4.8 | 32.5 ± 5.3 | 0.72 |
| Ethnicity, White, n (%) | 76 (98.7) | 82 (100) | 0.30 |
| BMI (kg/m2), 1st antenatal visit | 29.0 (25.0–33.0) | 28.0 (25.7–33.0) | 0.87ǂ |
| Total weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 8.3 ± 4.7 | 8.6 ± 5.4 | 0.71 |
| HbA1c prior randomization (%) | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 0.39 |
| HbA1c at 36 gestational weeks (%) | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 0.42 |
| Gestational weeks at randomization (wk) | 30.4 (29.2–32.0) | 30.8 (29.3–32.0) | 0.43ǂ |
| Duration of insulin/metformin medication (wk) | 8.6 (7.1–10.6) | 8.4 (6.7–10.4) | 0.52ǂ |
| Gestational weeks at birth (wk) | 39.0 (38.4–40.1) | 39.1 (38.4–40.3) | 0.66ǂ |
| Prematurity (delivery <37 gestational weeks) | 6 (7.8) | 3 (3.7) | 0.26† |
| Child, newborn | n = 77 | n = 82 | |
| Birth weight (g) | 3620 ± 490 | 3571 ± 542 | 0.56 |
| Birth weight (SD) | 0.18 ± 1.08 | 0.07 ± 1.17 | 0.55 |
| Birth weight < −2 SD | 3 (3.9) | 1 (1.2) | 0.28† |
| Apgar points at 1 min | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 9.0 (8.0–9.0) | 0.22ǂ |
| Apgar points at 5 min | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 9.0 (9.0–9.0) | 0.87ǂ |
| Apgar points at 15 min | 9.0 (9.0–10.0) | 9.0 (9.0–10.0) | 0.56ǂ |
| Umbilical artery pH | 7.28 ± 0.09 | 7.28 ± 0.08 | 0.997 |
| Hypoglycemia, need for IV glucose | 16 (20.8) | 14 (17.1) | 0.55 |
| Child, 9 yr | n = 77 | n = 82 | |
| Age | 9.1 (9.0–9.1) | 9.0 (9.0–9.1) | |
| Boys/girls | 39 (50.6)/38 (49.4) | 38 (46.3)/44 (53.7) | 0.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.45 (16.3–19.4) | 17.85 (16.1–20.7) | 0.63ǂ |
| Overweight or obese (adjusted BMI ≥25.0)¤ | 20 (26.3) | 30 (36.6) | 0.17 |
| Waist:height ratio | 0.43 (0.41–0.47) | 0.44 (0.43–0.49) | 0.13 |
| Waist:height ratio >0.5 | 11 (14.5) | 14 (17.1) | 0.67 |
| Grade at school, 2nd/3rd | 37 (48.1)/40 (51.9) | 46 (56.1)/36 (43.9) | 0.31 |
| Mother at 9-yr visit | n = 77 | n = 82 | |
| Age (yr) | 42.3 ± 4.8 | 41.9 ± 5.4 | 0.63 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.1 ± 5.8 | 31.0 ± 5.3 | 0.91 |
| Regular smoking | 10 (13.0) | 12 (14.6) | 0.76 |
| Education level | |||
| Lower or upper secondary | 37 (52.1) | 43 (55.1) | 0.71 |
| Postsecondary or higher | 34 (47.9) | 35 (44.9) | |
| Father at 9-yr visit | n = 72 | n = 75 | |
| Age (yr) | 42.0 (39.8–46.3) | 42.5 (40.0–48.8) | 0.47ǂ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 (24.7–30.8) | 27.8 (24.7–30.5) | 0.70ǂ |
| Regular smoking | 18 (25.0) | 16 (21.3) | 0.60 |
| Education level | |||
| Lower or upper secondary | 42 (60.0) | 49 (65.3) | 0.51 |
| Postsecondary or higher | 28 (40.0) | 26 (34.7) |
Psychological assessments were performed in 159 participants. Comparison between the groups treated with metformin or insulin for GDM.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or n (%). The t test or Mann-Whitney U test (ǂ) was used for continuous variables, and the χ2 or Fisher's exact test (†) was used for categorical variables. Age-specific and sex-specific adjusted BMI cutoff points are used according to Cole et al.35 (¤).
BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile ranges.