Table 1.
Pre-Licensure Physiotherapy Degree Programs
| Pedagogical approach (n) | Citation | Anatomical area | Duration | Assessment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-learning (n = 2) | Arroyo-Morales, M.16 | Knee | 4 classroom hours 3 weeks self-study |
1. Palpation, ultrasound skills via SOCE 2. Theoretical knowledge via MCQ 3. Time to generate reliable image and to localize specific structure with palpation 4. Quality of the intervention on 5-point Likert scale |
1. E-learning group scored significantly higher on global SOCE scores 2. No intergroup difference in knowledge 3. E-learning group required less time for palpation, more time to obtain image 4. Both groups reported satisfaction with the intervention |
| Cantarero-Villanueva, I.15 | Lumbo-pelvic region | 6 classroom hours 20 self-study hours |
1. Palpation, ultrasound skills via OSCE 2. Reproducibility in measurement of multifidus cross sectional area 3. Quality of the intervention on 5-point Likert scale |
1. E-learning group scored significantly higher on OSCE 2. ICC for control and e-learning groups as compared to reference measurement was 0.61, 0.65 3. No difference between groups on quality of the intervention |
|
| Mobile learning (n = 1) | Fernandez- Lao, C.14 | Shoulder | 6 classroom hours 20 self-study hours |
1. Palpation, ultrasound skills via OSCE 2. Theoretical knowledge via MCQ 3. Time to generate reliable image and to localize specific structure with palpation 4. Quality of the intervention on 5-point Likert scale 5. M-learning group assessed satisfaction on 11-point numeric rating scale |
1. M-learning group scored significantly higher on Global OSCE scores 2. No intergroup difference in knowledge 3. No difference between groups in time to generate image and palpation 4. M-learning group reported higher ratings on items: teacher was competent, lessons were interesting, able to learn a lot, size of groups were optimal, teacher-student interaction adequate 5. M-learning satisfaction was high |
| Six-hour program (n = 1) |
Schrank, E.C.17 | Lumbar multifidus at L2-L3, L4-L5 | 6 hours: 2 hours education in ultrasound imaging, 4 hours practice time | 1. Interrater, intrarater reliability via ICC and SEM | 1. Interrater reliability for all raters at L2-L3, L4-L5 was high (ICC = 0.827 and 0.936) 2. Interrater reliability for novice raters was good at L2-L3 (ICC = 0.760), high at L4-L5 (ICC = 0.905) 3. Reliable intrarater measurements at L2-L3 and L4-L5 4. SEM showed stability of the measurements |
SOCE = structured objective clinical evaluation; MCQ = multiple choice questions; OSCE = objective structured clinical evaluation; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; SEM standard error of measurement.