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. 2023 Oct 9;13(4):842–856. doi: 10.1007/s44197-023-00156-7

Table 3.

Risks of COVID-19

Characteristics Not participating in anti-pandemic Participated in anti-Pandemic from 1 to 3 months Participated in anti-pandemic for more than 3 months Total p value
n % n % n % n %
COVID-19 vaccination
 Not yet vaccinated 10 6.9 3 1.5 3 1.2 16 2.6 < 0.001
 Had been vaccinated 1 dose 20 13.9 18 9 12 4.6 50 8.3
 Had been vaccinated 2 doses 114 79.2 180 89.6 244 94.2 538 89.1
COVID-19 exposure
 Exposure to F0 (identified infected patients) 9 6.2 96 47.8 88 34 193 32 < 0.001
 Exposure to F1 (Suspected people who have been in close/directed contact with patients) 27 18.8 40 19.9 112 43.2 179 29.6 < 0.001
 Contact with objects that may contain the virus (infected human utensils, patient samples) 27 18.8 55 27.4 107 41.3 189 31.3 < 0.001
 Never been in contact (directly or indirectly) with someone with COVID-19 102 70.8 66 32.8 76 29.3 244 40.4 < 0.001
Self-perceived risk of COVID-19
 No risks 22 15.3 15 7.5 17 6.6 54 8.9 < 0.001
 Low risks 56 38.9 40 19.9 52 20.1 148 24.5
 Moderate risks 47 32.6 54 26.9 89 34.4 190 31.5
 High to very high risks 19 13.2 92 45.8 101 39 212 35.1
COVID-19 infection confirmed in relatives (yes) 8 5.6 34 16.9 45 17.4 87 14.4 0.002
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD p value
Risk of COVID-19 (1–5)
 Risk of parents in COVID-19 2.3 1.1 2.4 1.2 2.6 1.1 2.4 1.1 0.016
 Risk of children COVID-19 1.9 0.9 2.0 1.1 2.3 1.1 2.1 1.1 0.043
 Risk of friends in COVID-19 2.6 0.8 2.8 1.0 2.8 0.9 2.8 1.0 0.098
 Risk of colleagues in COVID-19 2.9 1.0 3.5 1.1 3.4 1.0 3.3 1.0  < 0.001
Fear of COVID-19 (7–35) 20.2 5.6 19.1 5.9 18.1 6.0 18.9 5.9 0.005