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. 2023 Nov 29;14:7863. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43670-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Secretary SPINK1 was detected in the serum of HCC patients (n = 55) compared with that of healthy donors (n = 15) by ELISA. HCC I/II = early- to mid-stage HCC, HCC III/IV = late-stage HCC by UICC 7^th Edition Staging System for HCC. b, c In vitro limiting dilution analysis for frequency of TICs of b MHCC97L cells treated with recombinant SPINK1 (rhSPINK1) and c Huh7 cells treated with SPINK1 neutralizing antibody (nAb) compared to PBS and IgG, respectively. d, e Cell apoptosis upon 5-FU or cisplatin treatment as demonstrated by Annexin V-PI flow cytometry analysis, in d MHCC97L cells treated with rhSPINK1 and e Huh7 cells treated with nAb. PBS = PBS control; IgG = Isotype control antibody. b, c 30 replicates in 3 independent experiments; d, e n = 3 independent experiments. Data were expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis: a one-way ANOVA, b, c one-sided Person’s χ2 test with 95% confidence intervals, or d, e two-sided Unpaired Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.