Table 2.

lncRNAs associated with COPD.

LncRNA	Expression	Location	Action	Targeted Pathway	Downstream Targets	References
ANRIL	Down	plasma of AECOPD patients	Anti-inflammatory	–	TNF, IL1B, IL17A, CXCL8	[12]
CCAT1	Up	lungs of COPD patients and CSE-treated HBE cells	MircoRNA sponging and epigenetic modification	miR-152-3p	–	[13]
GAS5	Up	Human lung fibroblast cell line	Involved in the regulation of pyroptosis	miR-223-3p	NLRP3	[15]
	Down	lung of mice exposed to CS	Suppress airway inflammation and fibroblast activation	miR-217-5p	PTEN	[64]
H19	Up	quadriceps of FFMI patients with COPD	Susceptibility to low FFMI	–	MYOD1	[65,66]
HOTAIR	Up	lungs of COPD patients and CSE-treated HPVEC	aggravate the apoptosis of CSE HPVEC	–	DNMT1	[67]
	Up	male BALB/c mice exposed to CS and CSE-treated HBE cells	–	–	IL6, CXCL8, CDH2, VIM, ACTA2, CDH1	[68]
IL7R	Down	serum from COPD patients	Protected against cellular senescence and apoptosis	–	EZH2 recruitment	[52,59,69]
LASI	Up	CS-exposed macaques and airways of COPD smokers	Increase the mucoinflammatory response	–	secretory mucin MUC5AC. and inflammatory factors, ICAM-1, and IL-6	[56,70]
LUCAT1	Up	serum from COPD patients	Promoted CSE-induced 16HBE cells apoptosis and inhibited proliferation	miR- 181a- 5p	Wnt/β-catenin	[71,72]
MEG3	Up	lungs of COPD patients and CSE-treated HBE cells	Induces apoptosis and inflammation	Apoptosis	IL1B, IL6, TNF	[73]
MHC-R	Up	lungs of rats exposed to air pollution PM	Regulate the immune activities of DCs	–	GATA3	[74]
MIAT	Up	lung of mice exposed to CS	Knockdown of MIAT attenuates CS-induced airway remodeling	miR-29c-3p	HIF3A	[53]
TUG1	Up	lungs and sputum from smokers and non-smokers with COPD	Inhibits inflammation and airway remodeling	–	DUSP6	[75]
		TGFB1 treated BEAS-2B and HFL1 cells	Inhibits cell proliferation	–	ACTA2, FN1	[14]
SNHG5	Down	COPD tissues and CSE-treated HBE cells	Repress cell apoptosis, proliferation, and inflammation	miR-132	PTEN	[76]
LINC00612	Down	COPD tissues and CSE-treated HBE cells	Repress cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress	miR-31-5p	Notch1	[48]
HOXA-AS2	Down	COPD tissues and CSE-treated HBE cells	Repress cell apoptosis	–	Notch1	[60]
MIR155HG	Up	Lung tissues of smokers without or with COPD	Contributed to the apoptosis and inflammation	miR-128-5p	BRD4	[54]
Nqo1-AS1	Up	The cytoplasm of mouse alveolar epithelium	Attenuated CS-induced oxidative stress	–	Nqo1	[50]
LINC00987	Up	COPD tissues	Repress cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress	let-7b-5p	SIRT1	[51]
PVT1	Up	peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and serum of COPD patients	–	miR-146a	–	[77]
RP11-86H7.1	Up	TRAPM2.5 exposed HBE cells	–	miR-9-5p	NFKB1/NF-κB	[47]
NEAT1	Up	plasma of COPD patients	–	miR-193a	–	[78]