Risk of bias arising from the randomization process |
Low risk |
No information on allocation concealment, no differences between groups in baseline characteristics. |
Risk of bias due to deviations from the intended interventions (effect of assignment to intervention) |
Some concerns |
No information on blinding, no information on deviations that arose. |
Risk of bias due to deviations from the intended interventions (effect of adhering to intervention) |
Some concerns |
No information on blinding of participants or deviations that arose. |
Missing outcome data |
Low risk |
Almost all the participants were included in the analysis, with no difference in dropouts between groups. |
Risk of bias in measurement of the outcome |
Low risk |
Method of measuring outcome was appropriate and similar between groups. Outcome assessors might have been aware of the intervention received but their knowledge could not have influenced by their knowledge. |
Risk of bias in selection of the reported result |
Low risk |
All outcomes reported appropriety. |