TABLE 1.
TCM and other treatments of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
| Medicine | Extract from | Effect and mechanism |
|---|---|---|
| Polydatin | Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb | Relieved orbital muscle adipose tissue expansion and reduced lipid droplet accumulation through NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and downregulation of IL-6 Li et al. (2020c), Xi et al. (2022) |
| Diosgenin | Trigonella foenum-graecum L | Reduced thyrocyte proliferation, thyroid size, and T4 levels in GD mice. Inhibited the PI3K-AKT and Rap1-MEK signaling pathways and promoted thyroid cell apoptosis He et al. (2012), Cai et al. (2014), Xin et al. (2021) |
| Resveratrol | Reynoutria japonica Houtt | Reduced proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in HaCat cells. Reduced ROS production, suppressed adipogenesis, and reduced the number of adipocytes in GO orbital fibroblasts in vitro by increasing the expression of the p-JNK and transcriptional regulators p-ERK Ravagnan et al. (2013), Kim et al. (2015) |
| Icariin | Epimedium | Inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes, lipid droplet accumulation, and orbital muscle adipose tissue expansion by inhibiting AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy in GO mouse models Li et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2020) |
| Celastrol | Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb | Reduced the IL-1β-induced expression of IL-8, IL-6, ICAM-1, and COX-2 in OFs from patients with GO Li et al. (2016) |
| Gypenosides | Gynostemma pentaphyllum | Downregulated IL-8, L-6, TNF-α, CCL, HAS2, COL1A2, FN1, and α-SMA in OFs induced by IL-1β and TGF-β through reducing the activation of TLR-4/NF-κB signaling and TGF-β1/SMAD2/SMAD4 signaling in GO OFs Wang et al. (2017), Li et al. (2019), Li et al. (2020b), Ma et al. (2022) |
| Astragaloside IV | Astragalus memeranaceus | Downregulated inflammatory cytokines, and attenuated collagen deposition, fat accumulation, and macrophage infiltration of GO OFs Li et al. (2018) |
| Ursolic acid, rutin, and Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides | Prunella vulgaris | Ursolic acid and rutin promoted apoptosis and regulated immune systems in cell and animal models Zhang et al. (2020b). Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides exerted its therapeutic effect on the OFs from GO patients by inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of OFs Li et al. (2020a) |
| Triptolide | Tripterygium wilfordii | Induced T cell apoptosis, inhibited T cell proliferation, reduced IL-2 synthesis, and inhibited the expression of NF-κB in T cells. Relieved the clinical symptoms of GO patients as well as downregulated the percentage of HLA-DR, ICAM-1, and CD40 positive cells in RFs Li et al. (2002), Qiu and Kao (2003), Yan and Wang (2006) |
| Bupleurum saponins | Bupleurum falcatum L | Improved hyperthyroidism and related organ damage induced by LT4 Kim et al. (2012b), He et al. (2022) |
| Pingmu Decoction | Pingmu Decoction | Pingmu Decoction alleviated GO progression, reduced lipid accumulation, and downregulated the expression of PPARγ and C/EBP α via the Fas/Fas L signaling pathway Li et al. (2012), Zhang et al. (2017) |
| Berberine | Rhizoma coptidis | Decreased intracellular lipid accumulation in GO OFs by blocking NF-κB signaling Diao et al. (2022) |
| Neferine | Nelumbo nucifera | Inhibited IL-13-induced inflammation, ROS production, fibrosis, and adipogenic differentiation in GO OFs. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-lipogenic effects of Neferine were accompanied by an upregulation of Nrf2 Poornima et al. (2013), Li et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2022a) |