TABLE 1.
Summary of the application of FMT in the intervention of AD.
| References | Experimental model | FMT intervention | Duration of intervention | Results |
| Dodiya et al., 2019 | Recipients: 7-week-old antibiotic-treated APPPS1-21 male mice (n = 9); donors: age-matched APP PS1-21 male mice (n = 9) | Gastric gavage | Once a day until sacrifice | Reduced cecum weight, increased abundance of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and S24-7, resulted in the restoration of diversity and restored Aβ amyloidosis and microglia morphology |
| Elangovan et al., 2019 | Tg-FO: 32-week-old 5xFAD mice, age-matched WT donors (n = 8); Tg-FY: 32-week-old 5xFAD mice, 10-week-old WT donors (n = 8) | Oral gavage | 7 consecutive days | Improved spatial and recognition memory, enhanced recognition memory and reduced cortical Aβ loading. |
| Fujii et al., 2019 | Recipients: 4-week-old germ-free C57BL/6N mice (n = 7); donors: AD patient and age-matched healthy volunteers (n = 7) | Infusion | 75 weeks | Reduced the levels of GABA, taurine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine, increased propionate, worsened cognitive function, reduced abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria |
| Sun et al., 2019b | Recipients: APP/PS1 mice (n = 8); donors: WT mice (n = 8) | Oral gavage | Once a day for 4 weeks | Reduced levels of Aβ, COX-2, CD11b, Aβ40, Aβ42 and phosphorylation of tau protein; increased PSD-95 and synapsin I expression, reversed the changes of gut microbiota and SCFAs. |
| Zhou et al., 2019 | Recipients: male 8-week-old SD rats injected with aggregated Aβ1–42 (n = 6); donors: same as recipients, treated with xanthoceraside or sham (n = 6) | Oral gavage | Once a day for 16 days | Reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis in AD animals, changed the abundances of several phyla and genus of bacterial. |
| Wang et al., 2020 | Recipients: rats were treated with MnCl2 (n = 10); donors: SPF Sprague–Dawley male rats (n = 6) | Oral gavage | 5 weeks | Reduced Aβ and Tau expression, downregulated NLRP3 and neuroinflammatory factors expression in the cerebral |
| Kim et al., 2020 | Recipients: ADLRAPT mice (n = 12); donors: WT mice (n = 12). | Oral gavage | Once a day for 16 weeks | Ameliorated the formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, glial reactivity and cognitive impairment, reversed abnormalities genes expression. |
| Hazan, 2020 | Recipients: an 82-year-old male with CDI and 5-year history of AD; donors: the patient’s 85-year-old wife | Infusion | Single infusion | Improved mental acuity and affect, memory and mood, increased the MMSE scores. |
| Li et al., 2020 | Recipients: young (∼ 3 months) male SD rats; donors: aged (20 ∼ 24 months) male SD rats | Gavage | once a day for 3 days, then twice a week for 2 months | Impaired cognitive behavior, changed synaptic structures and decreased dendritic spines, reduced BDNF, NMDA receptor NR1 subunit and synaptophysin expression, increased AGEs, RAGE, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress expression. |
| Shen et al., 2020 | FMT-AD: APP/PS1 mice with AD human donor (n = 5); FMT-AD-HP: APP/PS1 mice with healthy human donor (n = 5); Con-FMT-AD: WT mice with AD human donor (n = 5). | Oral gavage | 28 days | FMT-AD: increased the expression of NLRP3, inflammatory factors, activated microglia. FMT-AD-HP: reduced the expression of NLRP3 and neuroinflammatory factors, suppressed the activation of microglia. Con-FMT-AD: increased the expression of NLRP3 and inflammatory factors. |
| D’Amato et al., 2020 | Recipients: antibiotic treatment male C57BL/6 mice (n = 12); donors: adult (3 months) and aged (24 months) male C57BL/6 mice (n = 12) | Oral gavage | 6 days | Impaired spatial learning and memory, reduced bacteria associated with SCFAs and CNS disorders, and acquired an ageing-like phenotype of microglia cell. |
| Kim et al., 2021 | Recipients: 8-week-old C57-BL/6 (n = 8); donors: 9-month-old WT and 5xFAD mice (n = 8) | Oral gavage | 5 consecutive days | Reduced the expression of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, increased p21 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines. |
| Wang et al., 2021 | Recipients: 3-month-old SPF APP/PS1 mice (n = 4); donors: 16-month-old APP/PS1 mice (n = 4). | Oral gavage | 7 consecutive days | Increased Aβ plaques, suppressed astrocyte activation |
| Park et al., 2021 | Recipients: 90-year-old woman with CDI, 5-year history of AD; donors: a 27-year-old man with healthy | Colonoscopy | 2 infusions 3 months apart | Improved cognitive function, changed the microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acids. |
| Zhang et al., 2022 | Recipients: 8-month-old adult male C57BL/6N mice; donors: WT mice. | None | None | Improved the gut permeability, reduced the levels of fecal LCN2, lowered the levels of serum pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and MCP-1, reversed the microglia activation and Aβ protein deposition. |
| Hang et al., 2022 | Recipients: Tg mice (n = 6); donors: tumor-bearing mice or WT mice (n = 6) | Gavage | 3 times a week for 1 month | Improved short-term memory level and cognitive ability, regulated Inflammatory factors in the plasma, decreased A plaques burden in the hippocampus and cortex, and reversed the metabolism of inorganic and organic salts in the intestinal flora. |
| Jin et al., 2023 | Recipients: newly weaned WT mice (n = 8); donors: 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice (n = 8) | Gavage | 3 times a week for 1 month | Increased gut BACE1 and Aβ42 levels. |
SOD, superoxide dismutase; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; NT3, neurotrophin-3; NGF, nerve growth factor; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; MMSE, mini mental status examination; NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate; CNS, central nervous system; AGE, advanced glycation end products; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products.