Table 2. Associations between exposure to HDP and infant neurodevelopment scores at one year of age.
| Characters | Singleton ( n=2576) | Twins ( n=507) | |||||||
| N | Score, mean±SD | β (95% CI) a | P | N | Score, mean±SD | β (95% CI) a | P | ||
|
Data are presented as β (95% CI). The employed statistical analysis methodology encompassed general linear regression models. In the case of twins, the analyses were fitted by linear mixed model. aAdjusted for mode of conception, maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, infant sex, duration of breastfeeding, examination age of infant, maternal education, and study center. Bold font indicates P < 0.05. Abbreviations: HDP, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation. | |||||||||
| Cognition | 2576 | 507 | |||||||
| Non-HDP | 2414 | 15.74±1.88 | Ref | 395 | 15.02±1.99 | Ref | |||
| HDP | 162 | 15.56±1.93 | –0.09 (–0.40, 0.23) | 0.589 | 112 | 14.63±1.92 | –0.49 (–0.96, –0.01) | 0.046 | |
| Chronic hypertension | 41 | 15.78±1.86 | 0.20 (–0.40, 0.80) | 0.511 | 9 | 13.56±1.24 | –1.52 (–2.97, –0.06) | 0.043 | |
| Gestational hypertension/
Preeclampsia |
121 | 15.49±1.96 | –0.18 (–0.54, 0.17) | 0.32 | 103 | 14.73±1.95 | –0.39 (–0.88, 0.10) | 0.123 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 55 | 15.25±2.20 | –0.37 (–0.89, 0.14) | 0.156 | 31 | 13.90±1.90 | –1.04 (–1.85, –0.23) | 0.013 | |
| Preeclampsia | 66 | 15.68±1.73 | –0.02 (–0.49, 0.45) | 0.933 | 72 | 15.08±1.87 | –0.09 (–0.66, 0.49) | 0.764 | |
| Receptive communication | 2576 | 507 | |||||||
| Non-HDP | 2414 | 11.23±1.96 | Ref | 395 | 10.53±1.95 | Ref | |||
| HDP | 162 | 11.13±1.78 | 0.06 (–0.26, 0.38) | 0.702 | 112 | 10.03±2.15 | –0.55 (–1.03, –0.06) | 0.028 | |
| Chronic hypertension | 41 | 11.15±1.67 | 0.09 (–0.52, 0.71) | 0.764 | 9 | 8.44±1.59 | –2.03 (–3.50, –0.56) | 0.007 | |
| Gestational hypertension/
Preeclampsia |
121 | 11.12±1.82 | 0.05 (–0.31, 0.42) | 0.779 | 103 | 10.17±2.15 | –0.41 (–0.90, 0.09) | 0.112 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 55 | 10.96±2.06 | 0.00 (–0.53, 0.52) | 0.987 | 31 | 9.48±2.16 | –0.89 (–1.71, –0.07) | 0.035 | |
| Preeclampsia | 66 | 11.26±1.59 | 0.10 (–0.38, 0.58) | 0.688 | 72 | 10.46±2.09 | –0.18 (–0.76, 0.40) | 0.543 | |
| Expressive communication | 2576 | 507 | |||||||
| Non-HDP | 2414 | 12.12±1.89 | Ref | 395 | 11.57±2.05 | Ref | |||
| HDP | 162 | 11.80±1.90 | –0.20 (–0.51, 0.12) | 0.215 | 112 | 11.24±2.33 | –0.40 (–0.91, 0.11) | 0.122 | |
| Chronic hypertension | 41 | 11.59±2.31 | –0.30 (–0.90, 0.31) | 0.337 | 9 | 10.62±3.16 | –1.10 (–2.72, 0.52) | 0.186 | |
| Gestational hypertension/
Preeclampsia |
121 | 11.87±1.75 | –0.17 (–0.52, 0.19) | 0.36 | 103 | 11.29±2.27 | –0.34 (–0.87, 0.19) | 0.206 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 55 | 11.85±1.98 | –0.10 (–0.62, 0.42) | 0.709 | 31 | 10.35±2.59 | –1.02 (–1.89, –0.15) | 0.022 | |
| Preeclampsia | 66 | 11.88±1.54 | –0.22 (–0.70, 0.25) | 0.356 | 72 | 11.69±2.00 | –0.03 (–0.64, 0.59) | 0.932 | |
| Fine motor | 2576 | 507 | |||||||
| Non-HDP | 2414 | 13.03±1.51 | Ref | 395 | 12.50±1.41 | Ref | |||
| HDP | 162 | 12.88±1.52 | –0.05 (–0.30, 0.20) | 0.686 | 112 | 12.50±1.37 | –0.04 (–0.35, 0.28) | 0.82 | |
| Chronic hypertension | 41 | 12.63±1.34 | –0.28 (–0.76, 0.20) | 0.249 | 9 | 12.22±1.30 | –0.24 (–1.21, 0.74) | 0.632 | |
| Gestational hypertension/
Preeclampsia |
121 | 12.97±1.58 | 0.02 (–0.26, 0.31) | 0.868 | 103 | 12.52±1.38 | –0.02 (–0.35, 0.31) | 0.916 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 55 | 12.96±1.43 | 0.09 (–0.32, 0.50) | 0.661 | 31 | 12.16±1.53 | –0.24 (–0.78, 0.30) | 0.387 | |
| Preeclampsia | 66 | 12.97 ± 1.70 | –0.03 (–0.41, 0.34) | 0.867 | 72 | 12.68±1.29 | 0.09 (–0.30, 0.47) | 0.664 | |
| Gross motor | 2576 | 507 | |||||||
| Non-HDP | 2414 | 14.66±1.63 | Ref | 395 | 14.35±1.61 | Ref | |||
| HDP | 162 | 14.29±1.61 | –0.32 (–0.59, –0.05) | 0.019 | 112 | 13.91±1.65 | –0.44 (–0.86, –0.03) | 0.037 | |
| Chronic hypertension | 41 | 13.98±1.56 | –0.67 (–1.19, –0.15) | 0.012 | 9 | 13.33±1.50 | –0.82 (–2.08, 0.44) | 0.204 | |
| Gestational hypertension/
Preeclampsia |
121 | 14.40±1.62 | –0.21 (–0.52, 0.10) | 0.18 | 103 | 13.96±1.66 | –0.41 (–0.84, 0.02) | 0.065 | |
| Gestational hypertension | 55 | 14.25±1.43 | –0.27 (–0.72, 0.17) | 0.228 | 31 | 13.65±1.50 | –0.69 (–1.41, 0.02) | 0.058 | |
| Preeclampsia | 66 | 14.52±1.76 | –0.16 (–0.56, 0.25) | 0.453 | 72 | 14.10±1.72 | –0.28 (–0.78, 0.23) | 0.286 | |