Table 1. Baseline Demographic, Alzheimer Disease Biomarker, and Neuropsychological Performance Characteristics for All Women and by HIV Serostatus.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%)a | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 307) | WLWH (n = 209) | WLWOH (n = 98) | ||
| Age range, y | ||||
| 40-49 | 13 (4) | 0 | 13 (13) | <.001 |
| 50-59 | 159 (52) | 108 (52) | 51 (52) | |
| ≥60 | 135 (44) | 101 (48) | 34 (35) | |
| Race | ||||
| African American or Black | 164 (53) | 111 (53) | 53 (54) | .04 |
| White | 35 (11) | 30 (14) | 5 (5) | |
| Otherb | 108 (35) | 68 (33) | 40 (41) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 65 (21) | 43 (21) | 22 (22) | .82 |
| Non-Hispanic | 242 (79) | 166 (79) | 76 (78) | |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 93 (30) | 63 (30) | 30 (31) | >.99 |
| High school or higher | 214 (70) | 146 (70) | 68 (69) | |
| Annual income, $ | ||||
| ≤12 000 | 154 (50) | 103 (49) | 51 (52) | .68 |
| >12 000 | 152 (50) | 106 (51) | 46 (47) | |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Never smoker | 69 (22) | 53 (25) | 16 (16) | .11 |
| Current or former smoker | 238 (78) | 156 (75) | 82 (84) | |
| Marijuana use | ||||
| Never smoker | 253 (82) | 178 (85) | 75 (77) | .09 |
| Current or former smoker | 54 (18) | 31 (15) | 23 (23) | |
| Drinking history | ||||
| Abstainer or none | 164 (53) | 118 (56) | 46 (47) | .19 |
| Low to moderate | 133 (43) | 86 (41) | 47 (48) | |
| High | 10 (3) | 5 (2) | 5 (5) | |
| Other drug use (crack, cocaine, or heroin) | ||||
| Yes | 18 (6) | 11 (5) | 7 (7) | .69 |
| No | 289 (94) | 198 (95) | 91 (93) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 166 (54) | 117 (56) | 49 (50) | .83 |
| No | 121 (39) | 83 (40) | 38 (39) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 101 (33) | 67 (32) | 34 (35) | .65 |
| No | 206 (67) | 142 (68) | 64 (65) | |
| Body mass indexc | ||||
| Healthy (18.5-24.9) | 69 (22) | 51 (24) | 18 (18) | .001 |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 94 (31) | 75 (36) | 19 (19) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 142 (46) | 83 (40) | 59 (60) | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| <30 | 13 (4) | 8 (4) | 5 (5) | .02 |
| 30-44.9 | 12 (4) | 7 (3) | 5 (5) | |
| 45-59.9 | 33 (11) | 30 (14) | 3 (3) | |
| ≥60 | 249 (81) | 164 (78) | 85 (87) | |
| Neurological measures | ||||
| Memory loss | ||||
| Yes | 21 (7) | 13 (6) | 8 (9) | .70 |
| No | 286 (93) | 196 (94) | 90 (92) | |
| Numbness or tingling hands and feet | ||||
| Yes | 69 (22) | 42 (20) | 27 (28) | .19 |
| No | 238 (78) | 167 (80) | 71 (72) | |
| Confusion or getting lost | ||||
| Yes | 12 (4) | 9 (4) | 3 (3) | .76 |
| No | 295 (96) | 200 (96) | 95 (97) | |
| Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale score | ||||
| <16 | 225 (73) | 157 (75) | 68 (69) | .43 |
| ≥16 | 81 (26) | 52 (25) | 29 (30) | |
| HIV variables | ||||
| CD4 T cell count, cells/mL | - | |||
| <200 | NA | 10 (5) | NA | NA |
| 200-499 | NA | 148 (71) | NA | |
| ≥500 | NA | 51 (24) | NA | |
| HIV RNA viral load, copies/mL | ||||
| Viral load undetectable (<80) | NA | 181 (87) | NA | NA |
| Viral load detectable (≥80), median (IQR) | NA | 1130 (188-6270) | NA | |
| Taking antiretroviral therapy | ||||
| Yes | NA | 150 (72) | NA | NA |
| No | NA | 58 (28) | NA | |
| History of AIDS | ||||
| Yes | NA | 108 (52) | NA | NA |
| No | NA | 101 (48) | NA | |
| Neuropsychological performance assessments, T-score, mean (SD)d | ||||
| Executive function | 49.6 (9.4) | 49.1 (9.8) | 50.7 (8.2) | .15 |
| Processing speed | 49.2 (10.6) | 48.8 (10.7) | 50.1 (10.4) | .30 |
| Attention | 48.5 (9.3) | 48.7 (9.5) | 48.2 (9.0) | .68 |
| Learning | 48.9 (11.2) | 47.8 (11.3) | 51.4 (10.5) | .009 |
| Memory | 49.6 (11.4) | 48.3 (11.6) | 52.4 (10.2) | .002 |
| Verbal fluency | 49.1 (9.4) | 48.3 (9.8) | 50.7 (8.5) | .03 |
| Motor | 49.6 (11.6) | 49.5 (11.2) | 49.9 (12.6) | .80 |
| Global | 49.8 (6.6) | 49.2 (6.8) | 51.1 (5.9) | .02 |
Abbreviations: NA, not available; WLWH, women living with HIV; WLWOH, women living without HIV.
a
Variables reported as No. (%) were analyzed with χ2 tests.
b
Other race was defined as American Indian or Native Alaskan, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and multiracial.
c
Body mass index was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
d
T-scores are demographically adjusted for age, education, Wide Range Achievement Test reading subtest score, race (African American vs White or other race), and ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic).