Table 4. Linear Regression Models Associating 1-Year Change in AD Biomarker Measures With Neuropsychological Performance by Domain in All Women and by HIV Serostatusa.
| Performance domain and AD biomarker | All participants | WLWHb | WLWOH | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | β (95%CI) | P value | No. | β (95%CI) | P value | No. | β (95%CI) | P value | |
| Executive function | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 275 | −0.00 (−0.04 to 0.03) | .90 | 188 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.03) | .54 | 81 | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.08) | .60 |
| Aβ42 | 273 | −0.03 (−0.61 to 0.56) | .93 | 188 | −0.35 (−1.11 to 0.41) | .36 | 79 | 0.44 (−0.60 to 1.49) | .40 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 273 | 16.83 (−91.51 to 125.16) | .76 | 188 | −1.11 (−146.86 to 144.63) | .99 | 79 | 71.88 (−160.52 to 304.28) | .54 |
| GFAP | 277 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | .54 | 188 | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | .83 | 83 | −0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | .95 |
| NFL | 277 | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.02) | .20 | 188 | −0.03 (−0.10 to 0.05) | .49 | 83 | 0.02 (−0.09 to 0.13) | .70 |
| T-tau | 277 | −0.22 (−0.49 to 0.05) | .11 | 188 | −0.34 (−0.66 to −0.02) | .04 | 83 | 0.28 (−0.26 to 0.81) | .31 |
| P-tau231 | 276 | 0.09 (−0.18 to 0.36) | .52 | 187 | 0.00 (−0.51 to 0.51) | >.99 | 83 | 0.16 (−0.15 to 0.47) | .31 |
| Processing speed | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 278 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.01) | .19 | 189 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.01) | .15 | 82 | −0.02 (−0.09 to 0.04) | .46 |
| Aβ42 | 276 | −0.28 (−0.88 to 0.31) | .35 | 189 | −0.46 (−1.27 to 0.36) | .27 | 80 | −0.29 (−1.34 to 0.76) | .58 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 276 | 47.23 (−72.50 to 166.95) | .44 | 189 | 50.86 (−101.85 to 203.57) | .51 | 80 | 96.17 (−206.17 to 398.52) | .53 |
| GFAP | 280 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) | .47 | 189 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | .69 | 84 | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | .25 |
| NFL | 280 | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.01) | .02 | 189 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | .03 | 84 | −0.03 (−0.16 to 0.09) | .58 |
| T-tau | 280 | 0.10 (−0.21 to 0.40) | .53 | 189 | 0.06 (−0.29 to 0.41) | .74 | 84 | 0.22 (−0.47 to 0.92) | .52 |
| P-tau231 | 279 | −0.03 (−0.23 to 0.16) | .75 | 188 | −0.05 (−0.59 to 0.49) | .85 | 84 | −0.04 (−0.27 to 0.19) | .73 |
| Attention | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 261 | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | .34 | 175 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.04) | .80 | 79 | −0.01 (−0.07 to 0.04) | .60 |
| Aβ42 | 259 | −0.32 (−0.84 to 0.19) | .22 | 175 | −0.01 (−0.73 to 0.70) | .97 | 77 | −0.50 (−1.34 to 0.34) | .24 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 259 | 27.44 (−82.34 to 137.21) | .62 | 175 | 122.70 (−23.26 to 268.65) | .10 | 77 | −196.17 (−444.78 to 52.43) | .12 |
| GFAP | 263 | 0.02 (−0.02 to 0.05) | .39 | 175 | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06) | .46 | 81 | 0.00 (−0.07 to 0.08) | .96 |
| NFL | 263 | −0.04 (−0.08 to 0.01) | .09 | 175 | −0.02 (−8.68 to 0.05) | .65 | 81 | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.06) | .45 |
| T-tau | 263 | −0.00 (−0.26 to 0.26) | .98 | 175 | −0.04 (−0.34 to 0.26) | .80 | 81 | −0.00 (−0.57 to 0.56) | .99 |
| P-tau231 | 262 | −0.05 (−0.21 to 0.12) | .56 | 174 | 0.27 (−0.21 to 0.74) | .27 | 81 | −0.09 (−0.28 to 0.10) | .35 |
| Learning | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 278 | −0.06 (−0.09 to −0.02) | .002 | 190 | −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.02) | .01 | 81 | −0.06 (−0.12 to 0.01) | .08 |
| Aβ42 | 276 | −0.76 (−1.36 to −0.16) | .01 | 190 | −0.80 (−1.64 to 0.03) | .06 | 79 | −0.93 (−1.93 to 0.08) | .07 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 | 276 | 58.83 (−63.79 to 181.45) | .35 | 190 | 65.17 (−93.25 to 223.59) | .42 | 79 | 121.35 (−172.57 to 415.26) | .41 |
| GFAP | 280 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | .53 | 190 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | .65 | 83 | −0.05 (−0.14 to 0.04) | .25 |
| NFL | 280 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | .57 | 190 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.03) | .60 | 83 | 0.01 (−0.12 to 0.14) | .92 |
| T-tau | 280 | −0.02 (−0.33 to 0.29) | .91 | 190 | −0.04 (−0.41 to 0.33) | .84 | 83 | −0.04 (−0.72 to 0.64) | .90 |
| P-tau231 | 279 | −0.11 (−0.31 to 0.08) | .25 | 189 | −0.19 (−0.74 to 0.37) | .51 | 83 | −0.15 (−0.38 to 0.08) | .19 |
| Memory | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 278 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | .006 | 190 | −0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01) | .02 | 82 | −0.07 (−0.13 to −0.01) | .03 |
| Aβ42 | 276 | −0.60 (−1.21 to 0.01) | .05 | 190 | −0.57 (−1.42 to 0.27) | .18 | 79 | −1.11 (−2.09 to −0.13) | .03 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 276 | 65.71 (−58.01 to 189.43) | .30 | 190 | 93.52 (−65.58 to 252.62) | .25 | 79 | 103.83 (−186.71 to 394.36) | .48 |
| GFAP | 280 | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.02) | .26 | 190 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | .25 | 83 | −0.01 (−0.10 to 0.07) | .77 |
| NFL | 280 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | .74 | 190 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.04) | .77 | 83 | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.12) | .86 |
| T-tau | 280 | −0.14 (−0.46 to 0.17) | .37 | 190 | −0.17 (−0.54 to 0.20) | .36 | 83 | −0.24 (−0.90 to 0.42) | .47 |
| P-tau231 | 279 | −0.17 (−0.36 to 0.03) | .10 | 189 | −0.23 (−0.80 to 0.33) | .41 | 83 | −0.21 (−0.43 to 0.01) | .06 |
| Verbal fluency | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 279 | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.02) | .29 | 190 | −0.04 (−0.09 to 0.01) | .10 | 82 | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.04) | .84 |
| Aβ42 | 277 | −0.22 (−0.76 to 0.32) | .43 | 190 | −0.47 (−1.24 to 0.30) | .23 | 80 | −0.14 (−0.93 to 0.65) | .72 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 277 | 74.57 (−33.91 to 183.05) | .18 | 190 | 103.40 (−40.57 to 247.46) | .16 | 80 | 69.04 (−157.93 to 296.01) | .55 |
| GFAP | 281 | −0.01 (−0.05 to 0.03) | .67 | 190 | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.05) | .98 | 84 | −0.05 (−0.12 to 0.02) | .17 |
| NFL | 281 | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.00) | .04 | 190 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01) | .10 | 84 | −0.03 (−0.13 to 0.06) | .47 |
| T-tau | 281 | 0.06 (−0.22 to 0.34) | .68 | 190 | −0.03 (−0.36 to 0.31) | .88 | 84 | 0.19 (−0.34 to 0.73) | .47 |
| P-tau231 | 280 | −0.02 (−0.20 to 0.15) | .79 | 189 | 0.08 (−0.43 to 0.59) | .76 | 84 | −0.03 (−0.21 to 0.15) | .72 |
| Motor | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 277 | −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.00) | .04 | 188 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | .27 | 82 | −0.07 (−0.14 to 0.01) | .09 |
| Aβ42 | 275 | −0.80 (−1.44 to −0.15) | .02 | 188 | −0.80 (−1.67 to 0.07) | .07 | 80 | −1.01 (−2.21 to 0.19) | .10 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 275 | −72.56 (−203.84 to 58.71) | .28 | 188 | −74.50 (−234.70 to 87.66) | .37 | 80 | −128.78 (−482.39 to 224.82) | .47 |
| GFAP | 279 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.01) | .15 | 188 | −0.02 (−0.07 to 0.03) | .46 | 84 | −0.09 (−0.19 to 0.02) | .11 |
| NFL | 279 | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | .02 | 188 | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.03) | .44 | 84 | −0.21 (−0.35 to −0.07) | .003 |
| T-tau | 279 | −0.03 (−0.36 to 0.31) | .87 | 188 | −0.02 (−0.40 to 0.36) | .92 | 84 | 0.21 (−0.61 to 1.02) | .62 |
| P-tau231 | 278 | −0.27 (−0.48 to −0.06) | .01 | 187 | −0.55 (−1.11 to 0.02) | .06 | 84 | −0.20 (−0.47 to 0.07) | .14 |
| Global | |||||||||
| Aβ40 | 255 | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) | .09 | 173 | −0.03 (−0.07 to −0.00) | .04 | 76 | −0.00 (−0.05 to 0.04) | .85 |
| Aβ42 | 253 | −0.30 (−0.70 to 0.11) | .16 | 173 | −0.51 (−1.03 to 0.02) | .06 | 74 | −0.12 (−0.89 to 0.65) | .76 |
| Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio | 253 | 29.99 (−48.33 to 108.30) | .45 | 173 | 38.50 (−69.47 to 146.50) | .48 | 74 | −11.58 (−185.17 to 162.01) | .89 |
| GFAP | 257 | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) | .60 | 173 | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | .60 | 78 | 0.00 (−0.05 to 0.06) | .90 |
| NFL | 257 | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.01) | .13 | 173 | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) | .29 | 78 | 0.00 (−0.08 to 0.08) | .99 |
| T-tau | 257 | −0.05 (−0.23 to 0.14) | .63 | 173 | −0.10 (−0.32 to 0.12) | .36 | 78 | 0.13 (−0.25 to 0.51) | .50 |
| P-tau231 | 256 | 0.06 (−0.13 to 0.25) | .54 | 172 | −0.02 (−0.37 to 0.32) | .89 | 78 | 0.07 (−0.15 to 0.29) | .54 |
Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid β; AD, Alzheimer disease; GFAP, glial fibrillary protein; NFL, neurofilament light chain; P-tau, phosphorylated tau; T-tau, total tau; WLWH, women living with HIV; WLWOH, women living without HIV.
a
All models are adjusted for HIV status, income, body mass index, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale score, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, history of hypertension, diabetes, tobacco use, marijuana use, alcohol use, and other drug use (crack, cocaine, or heroin). β represents an adjusted, unstandardized coefficient. Neuropsychological performance assessments were reverse scored and a higher β indicates better neuropsychological performance.
b
WLWH models were additionally adjusted for baseline CD4 T cell count, HIV viral load, and history of AIDS.