Table 5.

Summary of efficacy estimates (N=24).

Efficacy estimates				Values, n (%)		References
Effectiveness estimate				20 (83)		—a
	None			4 (17)		[30,33,34,36]
	Average treatment effect			20 (83)		[27-29,31,32,35,37-50]
	Preregistered effectiveness analysis (n=20)			11 (55)		—
		RCTb (n=9)	7 (78)		[28,29,37,39,45,49,50]
		Observational (n=11)	4 (36)		[27,31,32,35]
Efficacy estimate				15 (63)		—
	None			9 (38)		[27,28,31,35,40,42,45,49]
	Average treatment effect			2 (8)		[34,36]
	Per-protocol effect			10 (42)		[30,32,33,37-39,41,43,44,50]
	Dose-response effect			3 (13)		[29,47,48]
	Preregistered efficacy analysis (n=15)			5 (33)		—
		RCT (n=6)	3 (50)		[34,37,39]
		Observational (n=9)	2 (22)		[32,36]

^aReferences not listed for summary rows.

^bRCT: randomized controlled trial.