Table 2. Multivariable-Adjusted Relative Health Care Costs for Patients Undergoing Common Elective and Emergent Surgeries Treated by Male Surgeons vs Female Surgeons^a.

Costs	Within 30 d		Within 90 d		Within 1 y
	ARR (95% CI)	P value	ARR (95% CI)	P value	ARR (95% CI)	P value
Total health care costs	1.09 (1.05-1.13)	<.001	1.10 (1.06-1.14)	<.001	1.10 (1.05-1.14)	<.001
Inpatient costsb	1.15 (1.13-1.16)	<.001	1.16 (1.14-1.17)	<.001	1.15 (1.13-1.16)	<.001
Postdischarge care costsb	1.08 (1.06-1.11)	<.001	1.13 (1.11-1.16)	<.001	1.14 (1.11-1.17)	<.001
Prescription medication costsb	1.04 (1.02-1.06)	<.001	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	<.001	1.03 (1.02-1.05)	<.001
Physician costs	1.08 (1.04-1.12)	<.001	1.07 (1.04-1.12)	<.001	1.06 (1.03-1.09)	<.001

Abbreviation: ARR, adjusted relative risk.

^a Using generalized estimating equation modeling with clustering based on procedure fee code (negative binomial regression with log link), adjusted for surgeon age (continuous), annual case volume (quartiles), specialty, and years of practice (continuous); anesthesiologist age (continuous), sex, annual case volume (quartiles), and years of practice (continuous); patient age (continuous), sex, comorbidity (categorical), rurality (rural vs urban), and income quintile; local health integration network; hospital status (academic vs community); and index year.

^b Results are from ordinary negative binomial models because the generalized estimating equation negative binomial models did not converge.