Table 4a.
Adjusted associations of sociodemographic variables with overweight and obesity, using WHO Asian cut-offs
| Normal weightb (n 1017) | Overweightb (n 566) | Obesityb (n 1543) | Overweight v. normal weight RRR (95 % CI) P-value | Obese v. normal weight RRR (95 % CI) P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 668/1860 (35·9) | 380/1860 (20·4) | 812/1860 (43·7) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 349/1266 (27·6) | 186/1266 (14·7) | 731/1266 (57·7) | 1·09 (0·78–1·51) P=0·611 | 2·04 (1·56–2·67) P < 0·001 |
| Age group | |||||
| 18–24 years | 299/567 (52·7) | 100/567 (17·6) | 168/567 (29·6) | Reference | Reference |
| 25–39 years | 452/1484 (30·5) | 284/1484 (19·1) | 748/1484 (50·4) | 1·73 (1·29–2·32) P < 0·001 | 2·36 (1·84–3·02) P < 0·001 |
| 40–54 years | 188/811 (23·2) | 138/811 (17·0) | 485/811 (59·8) | 2·05 (1·43–2·95) P < 0·001 | 2·91 (2·15–3·92) P < 0·001 |
| 55+ years | 78/264 (29·5) | 44/264 (16·7) | 142/264 (53·8) | 1·59 (0·96–2·61) P = 0·070 | 1·63 (1·09–2·44) P = 0·018 |
| SMI diagnosis | |||||
| Bipolar disorder | 346/1171 (29·5) | 201/1171 (17·2) | 624/1171 (53·3) | Reference | Reference |
| Major depressive disorder with psychotic features | 180/609 (29·6) | 91/609 (14·9) | 338/609 (55·5) | 0·95 (0·67–1·34) P = 0·755 | 0·81 (0·63–1·06) P = 0·130 |
| Schizophrenia-type disorder | 491/1346 (36·5) | 274/1346 (20·4) | 581/1346 (43·2) | 0·91 (0·71–1·17) P = 0·462 | 0·69 (0·57–0·85) P < 0·001 |
| SMI duration | |||||
| <2 years | 297/720 (41·3) | 120/720 (16·7) | 303/720 (42·1) | Reference | Reference |
| 3–5 years | 296/832 (35·6) | 170/832 (20·4) | 366/8s32 (44·0) | 1·32 (0·99–1·77) P = 0·062 | 1·14 (0·90–1·45) P = 0·285 |
| 6–10 years | 232/755 (30·7) | 146/755 (19·3) | 377/755 (49·9) | 1·33 (0·97–1·81) P = 0·076 | 1·30 (1·01–1·68) P = 0·044 |
| >10 years | 192/819 (23·4) | 130/819 (15·9) | 497/819 (60·7) | 1·36 (0·97–1·91) P = 0·077 | 1·76 (1·35–2·31) P < 0·001 |
| Antipsychotic medication | |||||
| No | 42/90 (46·7) | 15/90 (16·7) | 33/90 (36·7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 975/3036 (32·1) | 551/3036 (18·1) | 1510/3036 (49·7) | 1·36 (0·73–2·51) P = 0·333 | 1·93 (1·17–3·19) P = 0·010 |
| Setting | |||||
| Inpatient | 212/486 (43·6) | 84/486 (17·3) | 190/486 (39·1) | Reference | Reference |
| Outpatient | 805/2640 (30·5) | 482/2640 (18·3) | 1353/2640 (51·3) | 1·42 (1·07–1·90) P = 0·017 | 1·57 (1·24–2·00) P < 0·001 |
| Level of education | |||||
| No formal education | 132/423 (31·2) | 71/423 (16·8) | 220/423 (52·0) | Reference | Reference |
| Primary education | 408/1173 (34·8) | 239/1173 (20·4) | 526/1173 (44·8) | 1·15 (0·81–1·64) P = 0·437 | 1·23 (0·92–1·65) P = 0·154 |
| Secondary education | 183/578 (31·7) | 100/578 (17·3) | 295/578 (51·0) | 1·14 (0·76–1·70) P = 0·533 | 1·44 (1·04–1·98) P = 0·027 |
| Higher/more than secondary | 294/952 (30·9) | 156/952 (16·4) | 502/952 (52·7) | 1·17 (0·80–1·72) P = 0·410 | 1·51 (1·12–2·05) P = 0·007 |
| Work status (past 12 months) | |||||
| Employed | 357/1166 (30·6) | 234/1166 (20·1) | 575/1166 (49·3) | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 336/857 (39·2) | 171/857 (20·0) | 350/857 (40·8) | 0·85 (0·65–1·11) P = 0·234 | 0·75 (0·59–0·94) P = 0·012 |
| Othera | 324/1103 (29·4) | 161/1103 (14·6) | 618/1103 (56·0) | 0·82 (0·57–1·17) P = 0·270 | 0·78 (0·58–1·04) P = 0·092 |
| Income tertile | |||||
| Low | 469/1301 (36·0) | 236/1301 (18·1) | 596/1301 (45·8) | Reference | Reference |
| Middle | 316/1008 (31·3) | 198/1008 (19·6) | 494/1008 (49·0) | 1·22 (0·96–1·56) P = 0·105 | 1·18 (0·96–1·44) P = 0·116 |
| High | 232/817 (28·4) | 132/817 (16·2) | 453/817 (55·4) | 1·13 (0·85–1·50) P = 0·388 | 1·38 (1·10–1·72) P = 0·005 |
| Country | |||||
| Bangladesh | 492/1297 (37·9) | 281/1297 (21·7) | 524/1297 (40·4) | Reference | Reference |
| India | 208/708 (29·4) | 124/708 (17·5) | 376/708 (53·1) | 0·91 (0·68–1·23) P = 0·537 | 1·18 (0·93–1·51) P = 0·180 |
| Pakistan | 317/1121 (28·3) | 161/1121 (14·4) | 643/1121 (57·4) | 0·75 (0·55–1·03) P = 0·074 | 1·25 (0·97–1·61) P = 0·083 |
Parameter estimates from a multinomial logistic regression model are reported (n = 3126).
Note: Adjusted estimates extracted from a multinomial logistic regression model including the independent variables: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, smoking status, physical activity, diet, age group, sex, type of SMI, SMI duration, antipsychotic medication, setting, highest level of education, employment status, income tertile and country.
a
Other includes: homemaker, student, and retired.
b
Figures in brackets are descriptives which exclude the underweight population and therefore not prevalence data.
RRR, Relative risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.