Table 4b.
Adjusted associations of comorbidities and health-risk behaviours with overweight and obesity, using WHO Asian cut-offs
| Normal weighta (n 1017) | Overweighta (n 566) | Obesitya (n 1543) | Overweight v. normal weight RRR 95 % CI) P-value | Obese v. normal weight RRR (95 % CI) P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current smoker | |||||
| No | 616/1991 (30·9) | 335/1991 (16·8) | 1040/1991 (52·2) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 401/1135 (35·3) | 231/1135 (20·4) | 503/1135 (44·3) | 0·95 (0·75–1·20) P=0·650 | 0·79 (0·65–0·96) P = 0·018 |
| Adequate physical activity | |||||
| No | 488/1613 (30·3) | 260/1613 (16·1) | 865/1613 (53·6) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 529/1513 (35·0) | 306/1513 (20·2) | 678/1513 (44·8) | 1·03 (0·83–1·28) P = 0·786 | 0·79 (0·66–0·94) P = 0·009 |
| Meet WHO recommendations for fruit/veg per day | |||||
| No | 983/2961 (33·2) | 535/2961 (18·1) | 1443/2961 (48·7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 34/165 (20·6) | 31/165 (18·8) | 100/165 (60·6) | 1·76 (1·05–2·93) P = 0·031 | 2·53 (1·65–3·88) P < 0·001 |
| Pre-diabetes (HbA1c 5·7–6·4%) | |||||
| No | 808/2411 (33·5) | 446/2411 (18·5) | 1157/2411 (48·0) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 209/715 (29·2) | 120/715 (16·8) | 386/715 (54·0) | 0·94 (0·72–1·22) P = 0·642 | 1·31 (1·06–1·62) P = 0·012 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (HbA1c ≥6·5%) | |||||
| No | 947/2797 (33·9) | 515/2797 (18·4) | 1335/2797 (47·7) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 70/329 (21·3) | 51/329 (15·5) | 208/329 (63·2) | 1·06 (0·71–1·58) P = 0·791 | 1·55 (1·13–2·13) P = 0·007 |
| Hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mmHg) | |||||
| No | 911/2618 (34·8) | 491/2618 (18·8) | 1216/2618 (46·4) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 106/508 (20·9) | 75/508 (14·8) | 327/508 (64·4) | 1·20 (0·86–1·68) P = 0·291 | 1·69 (1·30–2·19) P < 0·001 |
| High cholesterol (LDL ≥1 g/l) | |||||
| No | 572/1527 (37·5) | 281/1527 (18·4) | 674/1527 (44·1) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 445/1599 (27·8) | 285/1599 (17·8) | 869/1599 (54·3) | 1·20 (0·97–1·48) P = 0·093 | 1·32 (1·11–1·56) P = 0·002 |
| High triglycerides (≥1.8 g/l) | |||||
| No | 706/1896 (37·2) | 335/1896 (17·7) | 855/1896 (45·1) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 311/1230 (25·3) | 231/1230 (18·8) | 688/1230 (55·9) | 1·56 (1·25–1·94) P < 0·001 | 1·94 (1·62–2·33) P < 0·001 |
Parameter estimates from a multinomial logistic regression model are reported (n = 3126).
Note: Adjusted estimates extracted from a multinomial logistic regression model including the independent variables: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, smoking status, physical activity, diet, age group, sex, type of SMI, SMI duration, antipsychotic medication, setting, highest level of education, employment status, income tertile and country.
a
Figures in brackets are descriptives which exclude the underweight population and therefore not prevalence data.
RRR, relative risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.