Table 5.
Adjusted associations of sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, and health-risk behaviours with abdominal obesity
| Has abdominal obesity (n 1767) | No abdominal obesity (n 1622) | OR (95 % CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 807/2029 (39·8) | 1222/2029 (60·2) | Reference | |
| Female | 960/1360 (70·6) | 400/1360 (29·4) | 3·79 (2·99–4·80) | P < 0·001 |
| Age group | ||||
| 18–24 years | 216/642 (33·6) | 426/642 (66·4) | Reference | |
| 25–39 years | 809/1598 (50·6) | 789/1598 (49·4) | 1·87 (1·50–2·33) | P < 0·001 |
| 40–54 years | 539/861 (62·6) | 322/861 (37·4) | 2·42 (1·86–3·16) | P < 0·001 |
| 55+ years | 203/288 (70·5) | 85/288 (29·5) | 3·14 (2·18–4·54) | P < 0·001 |
| SMI diagnosis | ||||
| Bipolar disorder | 681/1238 (55·0) | 557/1238 (45·0) | Reference | |
| Major depressive disorder with psychotic features | 390/669 (58·3) | 279/669 (41·7) | 0·76 (0·60–0·96) | P = 0·023 |
| Schizophrenia-type disorder | 696/1482 (47·0) | 786/1482 (53·0) | 0·76 (0·63–0·91) | P = 0·003 |
| SMI duration | ||||
| <2 years | 355/799 (44·4) | 444/799 (55·6) | Reference | |
| 3–5 years | 440/906 (48·6) | 466/906 (51·4) | 1·25 (1·00–1·55) | P = 0·045 |
| 6–10 years | 436/810 (53·8) | 374/810 (46·2) | 1·34 (1·06–1·68) | P = 0·012 |
| >10 years | 536/874 (61·3) | 338/874 (38·7) | 1·46 (1·15–1·85) | P = 0·002 |
| Antipsychotic medication | ||||
| No | 43/104 (41·3) | 61/104 (58·7) | Reference | |
| Yes | 1724/3285 (52·5) | 1561/3285 (47·5) | 1·64 (1·05–2·56) | P = 0·030 |
| Setting | ||||
| Inpatient | 232/527 (44·0) | 295/527 (56·0) | Reference | |
| Outpatient | 1535/2862 (53·6) | 1327/2862 (46·4) | 1·27 (1·02–1·58) | P = 0·029 |
| Level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 286/472 (60·6) | 186/472 (39·4) | Reference | |
| Primary education | 610/1265 (48·2) | 655/1265 (51·8) | 1·07 (0·82–1·38) | P = 0·620 |
| Secondary education | 313/624 (50·2) | 311/624 (49·8) | 1·12 (0·84–1·49) | P = 0·436 |
| Higher/more than Secondary | 558/1028 (54·3) | 470/1028 (45·7) | 1·31 (1·00–1·71) | P = 0·051 |
| Work status (past 12 months) | ||||
| Employed | 577/1243 (46·4) | 666/1243 (53·6) | Reference | |
| Unemployed | 383/968 (39·6) | 585/968 (60·4) | 0·83 (0·68–1·01) | P = 0·066 |
| Othera | 807/1178 (68·5) | 371/1178 (31·5) | 1·12 (0·86–1·45) | P = 0·394 |
| Income tertile | ||||
| Low | 687/1439 (47·7) | 752/1439 (52·3) | Reference | |
| Middle | 578/1074 (53·8) | 496/1074 (46·2) | 1·20 (1·00–1·43) | P = 0·050 |
| High | 502/876 (57·3) | 374/876 (42·7) | 1·26 (1·04–1·54) | P = 0·019 |
| Country | ||||
| Bangladesh | 604/1421 (42·5) | 817/1421 (57·5) | Reference | |
| India | 449/746 (60·2) | 297/746 (39·8) | 1·61 (1·30–2·00) | P < 0·001 |
| Pakistan | 714/1222 (58·4) | 508/1222 (41·6) | 1·48 (1·19–1·85) | P < 0·001 |
| Current smoker | ||||
| No | 1212/2146 (56·5) | 934/2146 (43·5) | Reference | |
| Yes | 555/1243 (44·7) | 688/1243 (55·3) | 0·89 (0·75–1·06) | P = 0·192 |
| Adequate physical activity | ||||
| No | 964/1759 (54·8) | 795/1759 (45·2) | Reference | |
| Yes | 803/1630 (49·3) | 827/1630 (50·7) | 1·03 (0·88–1·20) | P = 0·745 |
| Meet WHO recommendations for fruit/veg per day | ||||
| No | 1651/3214 (51·4) | 1563/3214 (48·6) | Reference | |
| Yes | 116/175 (66·3) | 59/175 (33·7) | 2·35 (1·65–3·36) | P < 0·001 |
| Pre-diabetes (HbA1c 5·7–6·4%) | ||||
| No | 1364/2632 (51·8) | 1268/2632 (48·2) | Reference | |
| Yes | 403/757 (53·2) | 354/757 (46·8) | 1·06 (0·88–1·28) | P = 0·539 |
| Type 2 Diabetes (HbA1c ≥6·5%) | ||||
| No | 1532/3045 (50·3) | 1513/3045 (49·7) | Reference | |
| Yes | 235/344 (68·3) | 109/344 (31·7) | 1·33 (1·01–1·76) | P = 0·041 |
| Hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mmHg) | ||||
| No | 1404/2863 (49·0) | 1459/2863 (51·0) | Reference | |
| Yes | 363/526 (69·0) | 163/526 (31·0) | 1·69 (1·35–2·11) | P < 0·001 |
| High cholesterol (LDL ≥1 g/l) | ||||
| No | 807/1683 (48·0) | 876/1683 (52·0) | Reference | |
| Yes | 960/1706 (56·3) | 746/1706 (43·7) | 1·17 (1·00–1·36) | P = 0·045 |
| High triglycerides (≥1.8 g/l) | ||||
| No | 1016/2097 (48·5) | 1081/2097 (51·5) | Reference | |
| Yes | 751/1292 (58·1) | 541/1292 (41·9) | 1·69 (1·44–1·98) | P < 0·001 |
Parameter estimates from a logistic regression model are reported (n = 3389).
Note: Adjusted estimates extracted from a logistic regression model including the independent variables: diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, high triglycerides, smoking status, physical activity, diet, age group, sex, type of SMI, SMI duration, antipsychotic medication, setting, highest level of education, employment status, income tertile and country.
a
Other includes: homemaker, student, and retired.
OR, odds ratio. CI, confidence interval.