Table 2.

Characteristics of selected studies

NO	Reference No	Author	Year	Study Type	Data Source	Location	Size	Age	Sample
1	[12]	Salman	2012	Quantitative	Survey questionnaire	US	50	18–50 +	Arab women
2	[8]	Wong et al	2013	Quantitative	Questionnaire	Selangor, Malaysia	231	25–53	Malay, Chinese, Indian
3	[13]	Padela et al	2014	Quantitative	Survey questionnaire	Chicago	254	21–65	Arab/Arab American, African American/Black, South Asian
4	[14]	Khan & Woolhead	2015	Qualitative	In-depth interviews	Dubai	13	≥ 18	Emirati women, South Asian
5	[15]	Marlow et al	2015	Qualitative	Interview	London	54	25–64	Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Caribbean, African, White British
6	[3]	Vahabi & Lofters	2016	Qualitative	Focus group interview	Canada	30	21–69	West Asian, South Asian
7	[16]	Zorogastua et al	2017	Qualitative and quantitative	Focus groups and individual questionnaires	New York City	140	18–70	Gambia, Guinea, Ivory, Mali, Morocco, Senegal, United States, other African countries
8	[7]	Lofters et al	2017	Quantitative	Database survey	Ontario, Canada	761,019	21–69	East Asia, Eastern Europe & Central Asia, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
9	[6]	Gele et al	2017	Qualitative	Focus group discussion	Urdu, Somali, Oslo	35	25–70	Pakistani, Somali
10	[17]	Islam et al	2017	Quantitative	In-person interview	New York City	12	N/A	9 females, 3 males. African/African American, South Asian
11	[18]	Pratt et al	2017	Qualitative	Focus group discussion	USA	54	18–60 +	Somali American
12	[19]	Tatari et al	2020	Qualitative	semi-structured focus group, group interviews, individual interviews	Gellerup, Aarhus, Denmark	37	27–59	Turkey, Iraq, Somalia, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan, Morocco, Pakistan, Vietnam
13	[20]	Jong et al	2021	Qualitative	Group intervention and evaluation	Scotland	18	25–65 +	Arab, Asian
14	[9]	Badre-Esfahani	2021	Qualitative	Focus group interview	Denmark	17	< 23–40 +	Turkish, Somali, Lebanon/Palestine, Iraqi, Morocco, Tunisia
15	[2]	Azhar et al	2022	Quantitative	Survey questionnaire	New York City	421	40–75	South Asian, Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, African
16	[21]	Alam et al	2022	Quantitative	Internet-based survey	Queensland, Australia	148	20–75	Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan
17	[22]	Harper et al	2022	Quantitative	Survey questionnaire	Michigan, USA	893	30–65	Arab American
18	[23]	Khalid et al	2022	Qualitative	Interview	Calgary, Canada	8	26–55	South Asian
19	[24]	Alam et al	2022	Quantitative	Internet-based survey	Queensland, Australia	148	20–75	Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Other (Nepalese, Bengali, Indo-Fijian)