Table 1. Overview of fibromyalgia treatment options.

Treatment options		Principles	Significance	References
Pharmacological treatments
Selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)		Alleviate pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances associated with fibromyalgia	Demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain and fatigue and improving quality of life. Well-tolerated and effective for managing multiple symptoms.	Arnold LM et al. (2008) [16]; Clauw DJ et al. (2008) [17]; Mease PJ et al. (2009) [18]; Arnold LM et al. (2005) [19]; Arnold LM et al. (2010) [20]; Murakami M et al. (2015) [21]; Arnold LM et al. (2009) [22]
Anticonvulsants	Pregabalin	Reduce pain, sleep disturbances, and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia	Demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain, improving sleep patterns, and reducing fatigue. Adverse effects include dizziness and somnolence.	Ohta H et al. (2012) [23]; Crofford LJ et al. (2005) [24]; Derry S et al. (2016) [25]
	Mirogabalin	Potential treatment for fibromyalgia	Effective in reducing pain and improving sleep quality. Associated with central nervous system side effects.	Arnold LM et al. (2019) [26]; Chen EY et al. (2021) [27]
	Lacosamide	Potential analgesic effects	More effective than the placebo in reducing pain and improving sleep quality. Adverse effects include dizziness, nausea, and tremor.	Hearn L et al. (2012) [28]; Zaccara G et al. (2013) [29]
Cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)		Interact with the endocannabinoid system to regulate pain, mood, and sleep	Effective in reducing pain, improving sleep quality, and reducing anxiety and depression. Potential side effects include dizziness and dry mouth.	Khurshid H et al. (2021) [30]; Habib G, Artul S (2018) [31]; Sagy I et al. (2019) [32]; Walitt B et al. (2016) [33]; Bourke SL et al. (2022) [34]; Chaves et al. (2020) [35] Bhaskar A et al. (2021) [36]
Tropisetron		5-HT3 receptor antagonist	More effective than placebo in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving sleep quality.	Haus U et al. (2000) [37]; Stratz T et al. (2001) [38]; Späth M et al. (2004) [39]; Arnold LM (2006) [40]
Sodium oxybate		Central nervous system depressant	Effective in reducing pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, and vomiting.	Staud R (2011) [41]; Russell JI et al. (2011) [42]; Spaeth M et al. (2012) [43]; Spaeth M et al. (2013) [44]
Non-pharmacological treatments
Mind-body interventions		Target stress, anxiety, and depression	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving quality of life.	Theadom A et al. (2015) [45]; Leça S and Tavares I (2022) [46]; Toussaint LL (2012) [47]
Exercise therapy		Improve physical function and reduce pain and fatigue	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving quality of life.	Bidonde J et al. (2017) [48]; Chen J et al. (2022) [49]; Häuser W et al. (2010) [50]; Schachter CL et al. (2003) [51]; Albuquerque MLL et al. (2023) [52]
Acupuncture		Traditional Chinese medicine technique	Effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life.	Martin DP et al. (2006) [53]; Zhang X-C et al. (2019) [54]; Vas J et al. (2016) [55]; Han M et al. (2020) [56]
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)		Modulate pain signals in nerves	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving physical function.	Johnson MI et al. (2017) [57]; Noehren B et al. (2015) [58]
Low-level laser therapy		Modulate cellular function and reduce inflammation	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving quality of life.	Germano Maciel D et al. (2018) [59]; De Carvalho P de TC et al. (2012) [60]
Hydrotherapy		Use of water for therapeutic purposes	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving physical function.	Evcik D et al. (2008) [61]; Vitorino DF de M et al. (2006) [62]
Yoga therapy		Practice of physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation	Effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and depression, and improving physical function.	Carson JW et al. (2010) [63]
Music therapy		Use of music for therapeutic purposes	Effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and depression.	Chesky KS et al. (1997) [64]; Wang M et al. (2020) [65]; Picard LM et al. (2014) [66]
Mindfulness-based art therapy (MBAT)		Use of art-making and mindfulness-based practices	Effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and depression, and improving quality of life.	Leça S, Tavares I (2022) [46]; Baptista AS et al. (2013) [67]
Tai chi		Chinese martial art involving slow movements and meditation	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving physical function.	Wang C et al. (2010) [68]; Wang C et al. (2018) [69]
Virtual reality distraction therapy (VRDT)		Use of virtual reality technology to distract from pain	Effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life.	Huang Q et al. (2022) [70]; Cortés-Pérez I et al. (2021) [71]
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)		Focus on changing negative thoughts and behaviors	Effective in reducing pain, anxiety, and depression, and improving quality of life.	Bernardy K et al. (2013) [72]; Carleton RN et al. (2011) [73]; Prados G et al. (2020) [74]
Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)		Practice of mindfulness meditation and yoga	Effective in reducing pain and fatigue, and improving quality of life.	Schmidt S et al. (2011) [75]; Pérez-Aranda A et al. (2019) [76]
Graded exercise therapy (GET)		Gradual increase in physical activity levels	Effective in improving physical function, but may cause increased pain in some patients.	Richards SCM et al. (2002) [77]; Wearden AJ et al. (1998) [78]; Maquet D et al. (2007) [79]
Occupational therapy		Strategies for managing symptoms and maintaining daily activities	Effective in helping patients manage symptoms and improve daily functioning.	Poole JL and Siegel P (2017) [80]
Massage therapy		Manipulation of soft tissues in the body	Effective in reducing pain, stiffness, and fatigue.	Li Y et al. (2014) [81]; Ughreja RA et al. (2021) [82]
Dietary supplements		Manage symptoms and potentially alleviate deficiencies	Some dietary supplements have been studied for their potential benefits in managing fibromyalgia symptoms.	Macian N et al. (2022) [83]; Wahner-Roedler DL et al. (2011) [84]; Alves CRR et al. (2013) [85]