Table 5.

Bivariable and Multivariable binary logistics regression analysis of factors associated with foot deformity (n = 392)

Variables	Category	Foot deformity		COR (95%CI)	AOR(95%CI)	p-value
		Yes	No
Sex	Female	61	150	I	I
	Male	70	111	1.55(1.02, 2.36)	1.34(0.74, 2.42)	0.342
Age	18–29 years	7	44	I	I
	30–39 years	17	61	1.75 (0.66, 4.58)	1.21(0.36, 4.10)	0.749
	40–49 years	33	68	3.05(1.24, 7.49)	1.90(0.54, 6.67)	0.314
	50–59 years	45	61	4.63(1.9, 11.24)	2.74(0.76, 9.85)	0.121
	≥ 60 years	29	27	6.72(2.59,17.25)	2.35(0.56, 9.89)	0.243
Residency	Urban	53	160	I	I
	Rural	78	101	2.33 (1.52, 3.58)	2.63(1.31, 5.31)	0.007*
Education	College/ above	12	49	I	I
	Secondary	30	79	1.55(0.70, 3.31)	2.07 (0.68, 6.29)	0.198
	Primary	23	63	1.4 (0.67, 3.28)	1.47(0.53, 4.31)	0.473
	Informal	30	30	4.08 (1.8, 9.17)	1.05(0.37, 2.98)	0.931
	Unable to read and write	36	40	3.67(1.69, 7.98)	1.52(0.59, 3.94)	0.390
Alcohol	No	82	187	I	I
	Yes	49	74	1.51(0.96, 2.36)	1.45(0.75, 2.83)	0.271
Physical activity	Active	71	189	I	I
	Inactive	60	72	2.2(1.4, 3.44)	1.72(0.92, 3.21)	0.088
Type of DM	T1DM	28	97	I	I
	T2DM	103	164	2.18(1.3, 3.54)	1.85(0.72, 4.73)	0.199
Duration of DM	< 10 years	54	181	I	I
	≥ 10 years	77	80	3.23(2.09, 4.99)	2.74(1.50, 5.02)	0.001*
Glycaemic control	Good Control	43	134	I	I
	Poor control	88	127	2.16(1.39, 3.34)	2.41(1.34, 4.33)	0.003*
BMI	Normal	44	117	I	I
	Underweight	1	8	0.32(0.39, 2.75)	0.38(0.35, 4.31)	0.442
	Overweight	62	108	1.52(0.90, 2.43)	1.02(0.51, 2.09)	0936
	Obese	24	28	2.27(1.19, 4.34)	2.28(0.84, 6.15)	0.103
HTN	No	55	154	I	I
	Yes	76	107	1.98(1.29, 3.04)	0.81(0.40, 1.61)	0.541
Footwear	Adequate	37	129	I	I
	Inadequate	94	132	2.48 (1.58, 3.89)	2.11(1.16, 3.81)	0.013*
DPN	No	34	199	I	I
	Yes	97	62	9.16(5.6, 14.85)	8.21(4.54,14.84)	< 0.001*
PVD	No	92	242	I	I
	Yes	39	19	5.39 (2.96, 9.82)	1.45(0.66, 3.18)	0.349

COR: Crude Odds Ratio, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI: Confidence Interval, I: Reference

* Statistically significant in the multivariable binary logistics regression at p-value < 0.05