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Normalized topological and transport properties of the graded (LtoH and LtoH_opt) PTLs. The maximum surface depth dmax, mean surface roughness Rm, root-mean-square surface roughness Rq, and specific surface area RSA at a depth of 10 μm are listed. The tortuosity τ, effective gas diffusion coefficient D, effective electrical conductivity σ, and thermal conductivity λ in both IP/TP directions are shown.
