Figure 1:

A schematic representation of the steps of mRNA therapy in kidney diseases. After IVT, mRNA is purified and administered via several possible routes (direct anterograde infusion into the renal artery; retrograde injection into the ureter or bladder; direct injection into the interstitial parenchyma; electroporation; hydrodynamic injection) to reach the kidney. Once in the organ, mRNA is translated by ribosomes in cytoplasmatic, transmembrane or secreted proteins. The potential applications of this therapy are: protein replacement, vaccination, cancer treatment, gene therapy and cell therapy.