Table 1:
Examples of known therapeutical areas influenced by sex.
| Therapeutic area | Examples of differences | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular disease | Influence of sex hormones on regulation β-adrenergic receptors in cardiovascular system | [49, 50, 51] |
| Increased hypotensive action of β-blockers in women | ||
| Higher incidence of cough after ACEi in women | ||
| Anticoagulation and antithrombotic treatment | The bioavailability of acetylsalicylic acid is greater but platelet inhibition is lower in women | [52, 53] |
| Antiarrhythmic | Influence of sex hormones on the length of QT | [54, 55] |
| Increased risk of Torsade de Pointes in women | ||
| Higher risk of tachycardia in women | ||
| Pain and anesthesia | Women tend to experience more severely chronic pain | [56, 57] |
| Depressive disorders | Sex hormones influence the pharmacokinetic of antidepressants | [58] |
| More adverse events after TCA in women | ||
| Oncologic diseases | Checkpoint inhibitors are less beneficial in women | [59] |
| COPD | Better response to anticholinergic bronchodilators due to greater expression of M2 over M3 muscarinic receptors in women | [60] |
| Anti-inflammatory therapy | Higher risk of serious infection during biological treatment in men | [61] |
| Anti-viral therapy | Humoral immune response after vaccination higher in women | [62, 63] |
| More adverse effects and toxicity of anti-viral drugs in women | ||
| Thyroid disorders | Thyroxine requirements are higher in men | [64] |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; TCA: tricyclic antidepressant.