Table 3:

Established facts about sex and gender differences in kidney diseases.

Characteristic in women	Supporting evidence
Higher prevalence of CKD	Carrero et al., Nat Rev Nephrol 2018 [17]
	Melsom et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2022 [19]
	Bikbov et al., Nephron 2018 [16]
Autoimmune diseases targeting kidneys are more prevalent	Piccoli et al., Kidney Int Rep 2018 [3]
Lower probability of testing for albuminuria	Bello et al., JAMA Netw Open 2019 [22]
Less common initiation of ACEi/ARB	Qiao et al., Hypertension 2020 [23]
Pregnancy associated complications including CKD	Zhang et al., Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015 [65]
GFR decline is slower	Melsom et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2022 [19]
Lower eGFR at referral	John et al., Am J Kidney Dis 2004 [66]
Lower number of women starting KRT	Carrero et al., Nat Rev Nephrol 2018 [17]
Higher mortality on dialysis	De La Mata et al., BMJ 2021 [29]
	Chen et al., Perit Dial Int 2021 [67]
	Carrero et al., Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011 [31]
Lower probability to have an arteriovenous fistula as a vascular access	Shah et al., Am J Nephrol 2018 [68]
	Markell et al., Hemodial Int 2018 [35]
Higher risk of peritonitis on PD	Kotsanas et al., Nephrology (Carlton) 2007 [69]
Higher risk of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis	Guest et al., Perit Dial Int 2009 [70]
Higher ESA demands on dialysis	Ryta et al., Int Urol Nephrol 2017 [33]
Higher incidence of depression and restless leg syndrome	Guglielmi, Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013 [71]
	Gitto et al., Int J Health Policy Manag 2015 [72]
	Merlino et al., Neurol Sci 2012 [73]
Lower dialysis adequacy	Lowrie et al., Kidney Int 2004 [74]
	Depner et al., Kidney Int 2004 [75]
Lower probability to receive kidney transplant	Wolfe et al., Am J Kidney Dis 2000 [76]
Higher probability to become a living kidney donor	Gill et al., J Am Soc Nephrol 2018 [77]

PD: peritoneal dialysis.