Table 2.
Associations of Individual Maternal Immune-Mediated and Cardiometabolic Conditions With Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
| Maternal Conditions | ASD, n = 311 |
DD, n = 1291 |
GP, n = 967 |
ASD vs. GP |
DD vs. GP |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | |
| Immune-Mediated | |||||||
| Allergy | 55 (17.7%) | 204 (15.8%) | 134 (13.9%) | 1.34 (0.95–1.88) | 1.23 (0.86–1.77) | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 1.16 (0.91–1.48) |
| Asthma | 64 (20.6%) | 223 (17.3%) | 136 (14.1%) | 1.58 (1.14–2.20)b | 1.62 (1.15–2.29)b | 1.28 (1.01–1.61)b | 1.30 (1.02–1.64)b |
| Autoimmune | 27 (8.7%) | 140 (10.8%) | 96 (9.9%) | 0.86 (0.55–1.35) | 0.82 (0.52–1.31) | 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | 1.09 (0.82–1.44) |
| Infection | 163 (52.4%) | 635 (49.2%) | 464 (48.0%) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 1.06 (0.89–1.26) |
| Cardiometabolic | |||||||
| GDM | 39 (12.5%) | 202 (15.7%) | 108 (11.2%) | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.48 (1.15–1.89)b | 1.37 (1.06–1.77)b |
| Diabetes | 3 (0.96%) | 20 (1.55%) | 13 (1.34%) | 0.71 (0.20–2.52) | 0.60 (0.16–2.22) | 1.15 (0.57–2.33) | 1.05 (0.51–2.15) |
| Obesity | 97 (31.2%) | 356 (27.6%) | 233 (24.1%) | 1.51 (1.11–2.07)b | 1.51 (1.07–2.13)b | 1.20 (0.98–1.48) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) |
| Obesity class I | 50 (16.1%) | 186 (14.4%) | 137 (14.2%) | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) | 1.31 (0.87–1.99) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) |
| Obesity class II | 26 (8.4%) | 102 (7.9%) | 58 (6.0%) | 1.63 (0.98–2.70) | 1.43 (0.81–2.52) | 1.38 (0.98–1.96) | 1.35 (0.94–1.94) |
| Obesity class III | 21 (6.8%) | 68 (5.3%) | 38 (3.9%) | 2.01 (1.14–3.55)b | 2.27 (1.21–4.24)b | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) | 1.36 (0.87–2.11) |
| Preeclampsia | 14 (4.5%) | 57 (4.4%) | 36 (3.7%) | 1.22 (0.65–2.29) | 0.99 (0.51–1.90) | 1.19 (0.78–1.83) | 1.15 (0.75–1.77) |
| Hypertension | 40 (12.9%) | 141 (10.9%) | 93 (9.6%) | 1.39 (0.93–2.05) | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 1.12 (0.85–1.49) |
| Chronic | 13 (4.2%) | 42 (3.3%) | 27 (2.8%) | 1.52 (0.77–2.98) | 1.20 (0.59–2.44) | 1.17 (0.72–1.91) | 1.00 (0.61–1.66) |
| Gestational | 28 (9.0%) | 113 (8.8%) | 75 (7.8%) | 1.18 (0.75–1.85) | 1.16 (0.72–1.86) | 1.14 (0.84–1.55) | 1.14 (0.84–1.56) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DD, other neurodevelopmental disorders; GDM, gestational diabetes; GP, general population control; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted models include child sex, birth year, maternal age, maternal race, and maternal education. The reference group for each condition is the absence of the condition.
b
Statistically significant association.