Table 3.
Joint Effects of Maternal Asthma During Pregnancy and Prepregnancy Obesity on Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
| Obesity Class | No Asthma |
Asthma |
Interaction p Value | RERI (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nASDor DD/nGPa | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | nASDor DD/nGPa | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |||
| ASD vs. GP | ||||||
| Not obese | 179/642 | 1.0 (ref) | 35/92 | 1.37 (0.88–2.15) | – | – |
| Obese all classes | 68/189 | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) | 29/44 | 2.72 (1.57–4.71)c | .47 | 0.79 (−0.76 to 2.33) |
| Obese class I | 39/113 | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) | 11/24 | 1.85 (0.84–4.11) | .80 | −0.11 (−1.70 to 1.48) |
| Obese class II | 20/43 | 1.48 (0.81–2.72) | 6/15 | 1.34 (0.47–3.76) | .48 | −0.62 (−2.50 to 1.27) |
| Obese class III | 9/33 | 1.06 (0.47–2.37) | 12/5 | 16.90 (5.13–55.71)c | .005 | 11.47 (−3.50 to 26.43) |
| DD vs. GP | ||||||
| Not obese | 803/642 | 1.0 (ref) | 132/92 | 1.20 (0.89–1.60) | – | – |
| Obese all classes | 265/189 | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 91/44 | 1.64 (1.11–2.43)c | .72 | 0.20 (−0.61 to 1.01) |
| Obese class I | 144/113 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 42/24 | 1.42 (0.84–2.42) | .97 | 0.03 (−0.88 to 0.95) |
| Obese class II | 69/43 | 1.25 (0.83–1.89) | 33/15 | 1.72 (0.91–3.23) | .91 | 0.00 (−1.27 to 1.27) |
| Obese class III | 52/33 | 1.22 (0.77–1.95) | 16/5 | 2.62 (0.92–7.43) | .46 | 1.01 (−1.76 to 3.79) |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DD, other neurodevelopmental disorders; GP, general population control; OR, odds ratio; ref, reference category; RERI, relative excess risk due to interaction.
a
n represents counts for ASD, DDs, or GPs.
b
Adjusted models include child sex, birth year, and maternal age, race, and education. Obesity and asthma were both included in the models simultaneously.
c
Statistically significant association.