Table 4.
Sex Differences in the Associations of Individual Maternal Conditions With Child Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
| Conditions | ASD vs. GP |
DD vs. GP |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted ORa in Male Children | Adjusted ORa in Female Children | p Valueb | Adjusted ORa in Male Children | Adjusted ORa in Female Children | p Valueb | |
| Allergy | 1.05 (0.69–1.61) | 1.87 (0.98–3.59) | .15 | 0.90 (0.66–1.23) | 1.61 (1.12–2.31)c | .02c |
| Asthma | 1.23 (0.81–1.87) | 2.93 (1.63–5.25)c | .02c | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 1.68 (1.18–2.38)c | .05c |
| Autoimmune | 0.67 (0.39–1.17) | 1.38 (0.62–3.07) | .15 | 1.01 (0.70–1.45) | 1.21 (0.79–1.86) | .52 |
| Fever | 1.27 (0.84–1.90) | 1.05 (0.55–2.01) | .63 | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | .12 |
| Infection | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) | 1.21 (0.73–2.01) | .89 | 0.93 (0.74–1.17) | 1.26 (0.97–1.62) | .08 |
| Metabolic | 0.78 (0.35–1.76) | 1.17 (0.39–3.53) | .56 | 1.45 (0.85–2.47) | 1.09 (0.61–1.95) | .48 |
| GDM | 1.02 (0.64–1.62) | 0.99 (0.42–2.29) | .95 | 1.37 (0.99–1.91) | 1.37 (0.91–2.04) | .99 |
| Diabetes | 0.81 (0.20–3.33) | –d | .98 | 1.51 (0.58–3.92) | 0.56 (0.16–1.93) | .21 |
| Obesity | 1.34 (0.89–2.02) | 1.96 (1.08–3.55)c | .29 | 1.04 (0.78–1.40) | 1.40 (1.01–1.93)c | .18 |
| Obesity class I | 1.14 (0.69–1.88) | 1.76 (0.87–3.54) | .32 | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | 1.41 (0.97–2.06) | .05 |
| Obesity class II | 1.47 (0.78–2.77) | 1.29 (0.41–4.10) | .84 | 1.17 (0.73–1.87) | 1.64 (0.94–2.85) | .35 |
| Obesity class III | 1.77 (0.79–3.94) | 3.22 (1.28–8.11)c | .33 | 1.62 (0.88–3.00) | 1.10 (0.58–2.10) | .38 |
| Preeclampsia | 0.98 (0.48–2.04) | 1.00 (0.22–4.56) | .98 | 0.85 (0.49–1.46) | 1.83 (0.91–3.66) | .09 |
| Hypertension | 0.82 (0.49–1.39) | 3.26 (1.70–6.24)c | .001c | 0.93 (0.64–1.34) | 1.44 (0.94–2.22) | .12 |
| Chronic hypertension | 0.58 (0.23–1.42) | 6.23 (2.00–19.4)c | .001c | 0.70 (0.38–1.26) | 2.15 (0.86–5.35) | .04c |
| Gestational hypertension | 0.84 (0.47–1.51) | 2.21 (1.03–4.71)c | .05c | 0.97 (0.65–1.47) | 1.40 (0.88–2.22) | .25 |
ASD, autism spectrum disorder; DD, other neurodevelopmental disorders; GDM, gestational diabetes; GP, general population control group; OR, odds ratio.
a
Adjusted models include child sex, birth year, maternal age, maternal race, and maternal education, and the interaction term for child sex by maternal condition.
b
p Value for two-way interaction term between maternal condition and child sex.
c
Statistically significant association.
d
Model did not converge due to data sparsity within cells.