Table 3.
Univariable analysis: comparing patients by selected outcomes
| Variable | Any complication (n = 720) | No complication (n = 628) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 66.4 (9.6) | 65.5 (10.1) | 0.103 |
| Age ≥80 years | 46 (6.4) | 36 (5.7) | 0.649 |
| Female sex | 301 (41.8) | 286 (45.5) | 0.169 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 25.9 (4.5) | 25.0 (4.2) | 0.0028* |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 82 (17.7) | 40 (11.1) | 0.010* |
| Preoperative co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 144 (20.0) | 133 (21.2) | 0.593 |
| Cardiovascular | 340 (47.2) | 250 (39.8) | 0.006* |
| Respiratory | 86 (11.9) | 56 (8.9) | 0.071 |
| Preoperative biliary stent | 471 (65.4) | 404 (64.3) | 0.700 |
| Preoperative blood tests, median (i.q.r.) | |||
| Bilirubin, µmol/l | 20 (44) | 21 (41) | 0.800 |
| Albumin, g/l | 38 (12) | 39 (9) | 0.004* |
| Neutrophils ×109/l | 4.9 (2.7) | 4.9 (3.0) | 0.649 |
| Lymphocytes ×109/l | 1.8 (1.2) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.298 |
| ASA grade > II | 214 (32.3) | 138 (24.2) | 0.002* |
| Positive nodes on preoperative CT | 176 (27.5) | 148 (27.8) | 0.948 |
| Classic Whipple versus PPPD | 382 (53.1) | 278 (44.3) | 0.0015* |
| P-J anastomosis versus P-G | 553 (76.2) | 511 (81.4) | 0.004* |
| Variable | Major morbidity (n = 228) | No major morbidity (n = 1120) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 66.0 (9.6) | 66.0 (9.9) | 0.905 |
| Age ≥80 years | 13 (5.7) | 69 (6.2) | 0.880 |
| Female sex | 96 (42.1) | 491 (43.8) | 0.660 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 25.5 (3.9) | 25.5 (4.9) | 0.990 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 21 (13.8) | 100 (14.9) | 0.801 |
| Preoperative co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 46 (20.2) | 231 (20.6) | 0.929 |
| Cardiovascular | 101 (44.3) | 489 (43.7) | 0.884 |
| Respiratory | 21 (9.2) | 121 (10.8) | 0.554 |
| Preoperative biliary stent | 141 (61.8) | 734 (65.5) | 0.288 |
| Preoperative blood tests, median (i.q.r.) | |||
| Bilirubin, µmol/l | 19 (52) | 21 (41) | 0.573 |
| Albumin, g/l | 37 (13) | 38 (10) | 0.456 |
| Neutrophils ×109/l | 5.0 (2.7) | 4.9 (2.9) | 0.650 |
| Lymphocytes ×109/l | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.463 |
| ASA grade > II | 81 (39.3) | 271 (26.4) | 0.0003* |
| Positive nodes on preoperative CT | 56 (27.9) | 268 (27.6) | 0.931 |
| Classic Whipple versus PPPD | 123 (54.0) | 537 (47.9) | 0.110 |
| P-J anastomosis versus P-G | 176 (77.2) | 888 (79.3) | 0.477 |
| Variable | Grade B/C POPF (n = 142) | No grade B/C POPF (n = 1206) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 65.6 (10.5) | 66.0 (9.8) | 0.595 |
| Age ≥80 years | 11 (7.7) | 71 (5.9) | 0.355 |
| Female sex | 45 (31.7) | 542 (44.9) | 0.003* |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 27.1 (4.5) | 25.3 (4.3) | 0.0002* |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 21 (20.1) | 100 (13.8) | 0.070 |
| Preoperative co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 23 (16.2) | 254 (21.1) | 0.119 |
| Cardiovascular | 71 (50.0) | 519 (43.0) | 0.128 |
| Respiratory | 21 (14.8) | 121 (10.0) | 0.084 |
| Preoperative biliary stent | 95 (66.9) | 780 (64.7) | 0.643 |
| Preoperative blood tests, median (i.q.r.) | |||
| Bilirubin (µmol/l) | 19 (54) | 21 (42) | 0.992 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 37 (11) | 38 (10) | 0.828 |
| Neutrophils (×109/l) | 4.9 (3.1) | 4.9 (2.7) | 0.831 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/l) | 1.9 (1.35) | 1.8 (1.35) | 0.195 |
| ASA grade >II | 51 (37.8) | 301 (27.4) | 0.0152* |
| Positive nodes on preoperative CT | 35 (27.3) | 289 (27.7) | 1.00 |
| Classic Whipple versus PPPD | 76 (53.5) | 584 (48.5) | 0.287 |
| P-J anastomosis versus P-G | 111 (78.7) | 953 (81.5) | 0.425 |
| Variable | PPH (n = 84) | No PPH (n = 1264) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 65.0 (10.0) | 66.0 (9.8) | 0.330 |
| Age ≥80 years | 3 (3.6) | 79 (6.3) | 0.477 |
| Female sex | 36 (42.9) | 551 (43.6) | 0.910 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 25.5 (3.9) | 25.5 (4.4) | 0.898 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 9 (14.5) | 112 (14.7) | 1.00 |
| Preoperative co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 11 (13.1) | 266 (21.1) | 0.094 |
| Cardiovascular | 30 (35.7) | 560 (44.3) | 0.140 |
| Respiratory | 6 (7.1) | 136 (10.8) | 0.361 |
| Preoperative biliary stent | 48 (57.1) | 827 (65.5) | 0.125 |
| Preoperative blood tests, median (i.q.r.) | |||
| Bilirubin (µmol/l) | 33.5 (122.5) | 20 (40) | 0.0219* |
| Albumin (g/l) | 36 (11.5) | 38 (10) | 0.474 |
| Neutrophils (×109/l) | 5.0 (2.7) | 4.9 (2.8) | 0.707 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/l) | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.8 (1.1) | 0.985 |
| ASA grade > II | 35 (44.3) | 317 (27.5) | 0.002* |
| Positive nodes on preoperative CT | 30 (37.5) | 294 (26.9) | 0.0515 |
| Classic Whipple versus PPPD | 48 (57.8) | 612 (48.5) | 0.113 |
| P-J anastomosis versus P-G | 60 (71.4) | 1004 (81.9) | 0.0211* |
| Variable | 90-day mortality (n = 51) | Alive at 90 days (n = 1297) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | 69.0 (10.6) | 65.8 (9.8) | 0.0219* |
| Age ≥80 years | 6 (11.8) | 76 (5.9) | 0.122 |
| Female sex | 22 (43.1) | 565 (43.6) | 1.00 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (s.d.) | 25.5 (5.0) | 25.5 (4.4) | 0.929 |
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 6 (11.8) | 115 (14.5) | 0.452 |
| Preoperative co-morbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 15 (29.4) | 262 (20.2) | 0.114 |
| Cardiovascular | 26 (51.0) | 564 (43.5) | 0.315 |
| Respiratory | 2 (3.9) | 140 (10.8) | 0.160 |
| Preoperative biliary stent | 31 (60.8) | 844 (65.2) | 0.551 |
| Preoperative blood tests, median (i.q.r.) | |||
| Bilirubin (µmol/l) | 17 (39) | 21 (43) | 0.287 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 35 (11) | 38 (10) | 0.233 |
| Neutrophils (×109/l) | 5.1 (3.5) | 4.9 (2.7) | 0.706 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/l) | 1.8 (0.8) | 1.8 (1.2) | 0.896 |
| ASA grade > II | 18 (40.0) | 334 (28.2) | 0.093 |
| Positive nodes on preoperative CT | 16 (35.6) | 308 (27.4) | 0.236 |
| Classic Whipple versus PPPD | 25 (49.0) | 635 (49.1) | 1.00 |
| P-J anastomosis versus P-G | 43 (89.6) | 1021 (80.9) | 0.185 |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Major morbidity includes any Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ IIIa complication. Statistical methods: Student’s t-test: age, BMI, Fisher’s exact test: sex, co-morbidities, preoperative biliary stent, ASA grade, positive nodes on preoperative CT, classic Whipple versus PPPD, P-J versus P-G, Mann–Whitney U test: blood tests. Where data were missing (Table 1), patients were excluded from the relevant subanalysis. CR-POPF, clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula; PD, pancreatoduodenectomy; P-G, pancreato-gastrostomy; PPH, post-pancreatectomy haemorrhage; P-J, pancreato-jejunostomy; PP, pylorus preserving. *Denotes statistical significance.