Fig. 1.

The Calientes Geothermal Field (CGF) geographical characteristics. a Geographical world location of CGF and comparison with other GF. b Location of the CGF in Peru, South America. c The arrows indicate the location where water and sediment samples were taken (Source: INGEMMET-Peru). Panoramic view of hot springs in the CGF. Biofilms are visible in pool G5; calciferous borders are visible in pool G1. The bar approximates 1 m. d Sampling locations in the CGF. (A) Hot spring 1 (G1), arrows indicate where water sample (G1 (W)) was collected; (B) G1, arrow indicates where sediment sample (G1 (S)) was collected; (C) G2, arrows indicate where water samples (G2 (W) and G2S (W)) were obtained; (D) G3, arrow indicates the calciferous sediment. Scale bars represents 1 m of length