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. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2308–2319. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01114-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Comparison of vascular normalization with current therapies using AATs. Tumors exhibit abnormal vasculature, characterized by irregularly shaped endothelial cells, sparse pericyte coverage, and compression by tumor cells and their extracellular matrices, resulting in poorly perfused vessels (middle panel). Current antiangiogenic therapies, mainly aimed at depleting the tumor vasculature, often lead to excessive vessel pruning, causing hypoxia and limited drug delivery (left panel). Vascular normalization strategies aim to restore vascular integrity, improving oxygenation and enhancing the delivery of therapeutic drugs (right panel). b Various vascular normalization methods. Vascular normalization can be induced by targeting VEGF signaling or Ang–Tie signaling in endothelial cells or oncogenic signaling in cancer cells. Immune checkpoint blockade can induce vascular normalization through the function of CD8+ or CD4 + T cells and the accumulation of eosinophils. AAT, antiangiogenic therapy; IFP, interstitial fluid pressure; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; ECM, extracellular matrix; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; PLCγ, phospholipase γ; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Ang2, angiopoietin 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor.