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. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2417–2432. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01112-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a–d The alterations of pathways in the RNA-seq of BV2+fructose+Khk-siRNA vs. BV2+fructose group via GSEA (n = 6). RES = Running Enrichment Score. e Transmission electron microscopy showing the mitochondrial morphology of microglia in the hippocampus (n = 3). White asterisks represent damaged mitochondria, while pounds represent healthy mitochondria. Scale bar = 1 μm. f, g Quantification of the damaged mitochondria ratio (f) and mitochondrial area (g) in hippocampal microglia. h–m Representative western blot (h) and densitometric analysis of OXPHOS-related proteins, including NDUFS8 (complex I, i), SDHB (complex II, j), CYTB (complex III, k), COX IV (complex IV, l) and ATPase IF1 (complex V, m), in the hippocampus (n = 6). n–q Effects of KHK knockdown on redox homeostasis, such as ROS (n), MDA (o), 8-OHDG (p), and NT (q), in the hippocampus of m/m or db/db mice (n = 6). The data in (f, g, i–q) are presented as the mean ± SEM and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.