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. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2287–2299. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Th cell subsets and Tc subsets share signal 3 cytokines, lineage-determining transcription factors, and effector cytokine profiles. Tc1 cells can be differentiated under IL-12 conditions and produce IFNγ through activation of the transcription factors T-bet, Eomes and STAT4. Tc2 cells can be differentiated under IL-4 conditions and produce IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 through GATA-3 and STAT6. Tc9 cells can be differentiated under IL-4 plus TGF-β conditions and produce IL-9 through IRF-4 and STAT6. Tc17 cells can be differentiated under IL-6 plus TGF-β conditions through RORγt and STAT3. Tc22 cells can be differentiated under IL-6 plus TNF-ɑ conditions and produce IL-22 and TNF-ɑ through AhR, STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5. Tfcs can be differentiated under IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23 plus TGF-β conditions through BCL-6, TCF-1, E2A and Runx3. Foxp3⁺ CD8⁺ Tregs can be differentiated under TGF-β conditions and produce IL-10 and TGF-β through Foxp3. Qa-1-restricted CD8⁺ Tregs recognize the Qa-1 peptide on MHC class I molecules and suppress Qa-1-expressing T cells by secreting perforin meditated through the Eomes signaling pathway.