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. 2023 Nov 1;55(11):2287–2299. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Suppressive CD8⁺ Tregs are distinguished by the expression of Foxp3. Qa-1-restricted CD8⁺ T cells and KIR⁺ human CD8⁺ T cells do not express Foxp3. Qa-1-restricted CD8⁺ T cells recognize the Qa-1 peptide on MHC class I molecules of autoreactive Tfh cells and suppress autoimmune diseases. Suppressive human CD8 T cells express KIR, which is the genetic counterpart of the Ly49 molecule in mice, and suppress autoreactive CD4 T cells that can cause tissue damage in autoimmune disorders. Foxp3-expressing CD8 T cells are activated in an early GVHD model in vivo and can be converted into IFN-γ and IL-17A-producing CD8 T cells.