Table 2. Multivariable logistic regression analyses estimating the association of the evidence-informed personality typologies with a) smoking, b) excessive drinking and c) both behaviours combined, without (OR) and with (OR adj) adjustment for covariates.
| Smoking | Excessive drinking | Combined | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Extraversion | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| High | 1.61 | 1.53, 1.69 | <.001 | 1.54 | 1.49, 1.58 | <.001 | 1.89 | 1.75, 2.04 | <.001 |
| Conscientiousness | |||||||||
| High (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Low | 1.82 | 1.72, 1.93 | <.001 | 1.67 | 1.61, 1.73 | <.001 | 2.48 | 2.28, 2.70 | <.001 |
| Neuroticism | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| High | 1.22 | 1.16, 1.29 | <.001 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.01 | .2 | 1.27 | 1.16, 1.38 | <.001 |
| Extraversion × Conscientiousness | |||||||||
| High * Low | 0.88 | 0.83, 0.95 | <.001 | 1.05 | 1.01, 1.10 | .027 | 0.85 | 0.77, 0.94 | .001 |
| Extraversion × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| High * High | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.04 | .4 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.07 | .3 | 0.95 | 0.86, 1.05 | .3 |
| Conscientiousness × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| Low * High | 1.09 | 1.01, 1.16 | .021 | 0.91 | 0.87, 0.96 | <.001 | 0.96 | 0.87, 1.06 | .4 |
| Extraversion × Conscientiousness × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| High * Low * High | 1.05 | 0.96, 1.15 | .3 | 0.99 | 0.93, 1.05 | .8 | 1.13 | 0.99, 1.28 | .062 |
| Smoking | Excessive drinking | Combined | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR adj | 95% CI | p-value | OR adj | 95% CI | p-value | OR adj | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Extraversion | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| High | 1.58 | 1.51, 1.66 | <.001 | 1.60 | 1.55, 1.65 | <.001 | 1.87 | 1.73, 2.01 | <.001 |
| Conscientiousness | |||||||||
| High (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Low | 1.64 | 1.54, 1.73 | <.001 | 1.37 | 1.32, 1.42 | <.001 | 2.02 | 1.86, 2.20 | <.001 |
| Neuroticism | |||||||||
| Low (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| High | 1.21 | 1.15, 1.28 | <.001 | 1.03 | 1.00, 1.07 | .054 | 1.26 | 1.16, 1.38 | <.001 |
| Extraversion × Conscientiousness | |||||||||
| High * Low | 0.91 | 0.85, 0.97 | .006 | 1.07 | 1.02, 1.12 | .005 | 0.87 | 0.79, 0.96 | .007 |
| Extraversion × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| High * High | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.06 | .8 | 1.01 | 0.97, 1.06 | .6 | 0.96 | 0.87, 1.07 | .5 |
| Conscientiousness × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| Low * High | 1.07 | 1.00, 1.15 | .064 | 0.96 | 0.92, 1.01 | .081 | 0.98 | 0.88, 1.08 | .6 |
| Extraversion × Conscientiousness × Neuroticism | |||||||||
| High * Low * High | 1.04 | 0.95, 1.14 | .3 | 0.99 | 0.94, 1.06 | .9 | 1.12 | 0.99, 1.28 | .075 |
| Age | 0.99 | 0.99, 0.99 | <.001 | 0.97 | 0.97, 0.98 | <.001 | 0.97 | 0.97, 0.97 | <.001 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Female | 0.90 | 0.88, 0.92 | <.001 | 0.50 | 0.49, 0.51 | <.001 | 0.71 | 0.69, 0.73 | <.001 |
| Education | |||||||||
| No post-16 qualifications | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Post-16 qualifications | 0.64 | 0.62, 0.66 | <.001 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.98 | .001 | 0.71 | 0.68, 0.75 | <.001 |
| Higher education | 0.39 | 0.38, 0.40 | <.001 | 1.03 | 1.01, 1.05 | .004 | 0.49 | 0.47, 0.50 | <.001 |
| Country | |||||||||
| United Kingdom | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| Australia | 1.39 | 1.23, 1.56 | <.001 | 0.77 | 0.70, 0.85 | <.001 | 1.26 | 1.07, 1.47 | .004 |
| Canada | 1.53 | 1.37, 1.69 | <.001 | 0.65 | 0.60, 0.71 | <.001 | 1.09 | 0.93, 1.26 | .3 |
| India | 1.29 | 1.13, 1.46 | <.001 | 0.07 | 0.06, 0.09 | <.001 | 0.40 | 0.31, 0.51 | <.001 |
| Ireland | 2.64 | 2.47, 2.82 | <.001 | 1.68 | 1.59, 1.78 | <.001 | 2.97 | 2.74, 3.21 | <.001 |
| New Zealand | 1.08 | 0.92, 1.26 | .4 | 0.74 | 0.66, 0.83 | <.001 | 1.12 | 0.90, 1.37 | .3 |
| Other | 2.01 | 1.93, 2.10 | <.001 | 0.42 | 0.40, 0.44 | <.001 | 1.25 | 1.17, 1.33 | <.001 |
| The Netherlands | 1.89 | 1.64, 2.18 | <.001 | 0.76 | 0.67, 0.86 | <.001 | 1.38 | 1.12, 1.69 | .002 |
| United States | 1.77 | 1.69, 1.86 | <.001 | 0.52 | 0.50, 0.55 | <.001 | 1.24 | 1.17, 1.33 | <.001 |
Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.