Table 1.

Complete SEM output, including the best-fitting SEM models for (a) dog treat toy (n = 10); (b) flap lid (n = 11); and (c) slide lid (n = 12) puzzles

Puzzle type	Response variable	Driver	df	P	Std. estimate
(a) Dog treat toy	Work time	Body weight	7	0.637	0.18
		Exploration	7	0.804	−0.10
	Behavioral diversity	Body weight	7	0.869	0.06
		Exploration	7	0.547	−0.23
	Trial duration (secs) (log)	Body weight	5	0.242	−0.27
		Exploration	5	0.177	−0.32
		Work time	5	0.041	−0.56
		Behavioral diversity	5	0.053	0.52
(b) Flap lid	Behavioral flexibility	Body weight	7	0.668	0.17
		Mobility	7	0.410	0.31
		Generic experience	7	0.637	−0.18
	Functional behavior time (log)	Body weight	7	0.119	0.45
		Mobility	7	0.030	0.66
		Generic experience	7	0.623	−0.13
	Trial duration (secs) (log)	Body weight	5	0.342	0.23
		Mobility	5	0.850	0.05
		Generic experience	5	0.386	−0.18
		Behavioral flexibility	5	0.048	0.50
		Functional behavior time (log)	5	0.012	−1.08
(c) Slide lid	Work time	Age category	8	0.619	-
		Age [Adult]	8	<0.001	-
		Age [Juvenile]	1	<0.001	-
		Mobility	8	0.307	−0.38
		Generic experience	8	0.246	−0.38
	Functional behavior time	Age category	1	0.229	-
		Age [Adult]	8	0.001	-
		Age [Juvenile]	8	<0.001	-
		Mobility	8	0.285	−0.37
		Generic experience	8	0.647	0.14
	Trial duration (secs)	Age category	1	0.047	-
		Age [Adult]	6	0.001	-
		Age [Juvenile]	6	0.001	-
		Mobility	6	0.485	0.25
		Generic experience	6	0.821	−0.07
		Work time	6	0.402	−0.27
		Functional behavior time	6	0.175	0.49

SEMs show links between personality traits, other individual traits (body weight or age), generic experience (flap lid and slide lid puzzles only), mechanistic behaviors (work time, functional behavior time, behavioral diversity, or behavioral flexibility), and problem-solving performance (time to solve) of first successful trials. Bold indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05).