Table 1.
Overview of question-based tools assessing fall risk included in the review.
| Tool name | Study | Tool developer* | Tool name | No of questions | Type of answers | Participants | Type of study | Age | Gender of participants (% females) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scripted Fall Risk Screening Tool (FRST) | Feilding et al, 2013[16] | Modified Fall Risk Screening Tool (FRST) | 23 | 4-point scale | 111 | Cross-sectional | NA (age > 65 years) | NA | |
| Modified Suzuki’s fall assessment Questionnaire (FRAS) | Hirase et al, 2014[35] | Suzuki et al.[36] | Modified Suzuki’s fall assessment Questionnaire (FRAS) | 7 | Yes/no | 1871 | Retrospective | 76.5 ± 7 (65-95) | 67.8% |
| 292 | Prospective (3-months) | 81.6 ±6.2 (66-92) | 82.4% | ||||||
| Questionnaire from NHATS study | Gadkaree et al, 2015[25] | Questionnaire from NHATS study | 5 | MCQ | 7609 | Prospective (12-months) | 65-69 = 27.9% 70-74 = 25% 75-79 = 19.1% 80-84 = 14.7% 85-89 = 9.1% 90+ = 4.3% | 56.6% | |
| Frailty Index (FI) | Kojima et al, 2015[26] | Mitnitski et al.[41] | Frailty Index (FI) | 40 | Dichotomous and 3-point scale | 248 | Prospective (24-weeks) | 72.9 ± 6.1 | 63.7% |
| NA, Online Questionnaire | Obrist et al, 2016[27] | NA, Online Questionnaire | 36 | NA | 134 | Prospective (6-months) | 69.3 ± 5.6 (NA) | 45% | |
| ABC | Cleary et at, 2017[28] | Powel and Meyers[42] | ABC | 16 | 11-point scale | 45 | Prospective (6-months) | 83.2 ± 6.3 (67-94) | 68.9% |
| Self-reported unsteadiness | Donoghue et al, 2017[29] | Self-reported unsteadiness | 3 | 4-point scale | 1621 | Prospective (2-years) | 71.2 ± 5.2 (65-93) | 51.6% | |
| 3-STEADI (3 key questions) | Eckstrom et al, 2017[24] | 3-STEADI (3 key questions) | 3 | Yes/no | 405 | Retrospective | 73.1 | 64.2% | |
| NA | Rodriguez et al, 2017[30] | NA | 2 | Yes/no and 3-point scale | 772 | Prospective (12-months) | 80.7 ± 0.1 (median ± SD) | 62.5% | |
| Online Assessment Instrument for Elderly Falls (IAQI) | Silveira et al, 2018[17] | Online Assessment Instrument for Elderly Falls (IAQI) | 14 | 6 MCQs, 8 yes/no | 24 | Cross-sectional | NA (age > 60 years) | NA | |
| FRRISque | Chini et al, 2019[18] | FRRISque | 10 | Yes/no | 854 | Cross-sectional | 60-69 = 43.4% 70-79 = 39.7% 80-89 = 14.8% >90 = 2.1% | 57.6% | |
| Thai-modified STEADI | Loonlawong et al, 2019[19] | Rubenstein et al.[38] | Thai-modified STEADI | 12 (original) and 18 (Thai-modified) | Yes/no | 480 | Cross-sectional | 72.8 ± 6.64 (65–90) | 52% |
| Chinese HomeFAST | Lai et al, 2020[32] | Mackenzie et al.[37] | Chinese HomeFAST | 20 | Yes/no | 210 | Prospective (6-months) | 71.45 ± 6.38 (66-81) | 50% |
| Persian Fall Risk Screening Tool (FRST) | Tabatabaei et al, 2020[20] | Feilding et al, 2013[16] | Persian Fall Risk Screening Tool (FRST) | 23 | 4-point scale | 537 | Cross-sectional | 67.18 ± 6.93 | 57.1% |
| MFES (modified falls efficacy scale) | Yang et al, 2020[31] | Hill et al.[44] | MFES (modified falls efficacy scale) | 14 | 11-point scale | 47 | Prospective (12-months) | 78.9 ± 5.5 (70-93) | 74.5% |
| Brazil HomeFAST | Ferreira et al, 2021[21] | Mackenzie et al.[37] | Brazil HomeFAST | 20 | Yes/no | 50 | Cross-sectional | 73.2 ± 5.8 | 84% |
| LRMS | Argyrou et al, 202222 | LRMS | 11 | 4-point scale | 173 | Cross-sectional | 72.3 ± 6.3 (60–91) | 69.4% | |
| 3-STEADI (3 key questions) | Burns et al, 2022[33] | Eckstrom et al, 2017[24] | 3-STEADI (3 key questions) | 3 | Yes/no | 1563 | Prospective (12-months) | 65-74 = 68.2% 75-84 = 26.5% >85 = 5.3% | 52.5% |
| Stay Independent | Rubenstein et al.[39] | Stay Independent | 12 | Yes/no | |||||
| AGS/BGS | AGS/BGS Panel[39] | AGS/BGS | 3 | Yes/no and number of falls | |||||
| Short FES-I | Kempen et al.[40] | Short FES-I | 7 | 4-point scale | |||||
| Fell in the past year | Fell in the past year | 1 | Yes/no | ||||||
| Fallen in the past 12 months | Fallen in the past 12 months | 1 | number of falls | ||||||
| Machine learning | Ikeda et al, 2022[34] | Machine learning | 14 | Yes/no and MCQs | 61883 | Prospective (3-years) | 72.8 ± 5.5 (non-fallers) 75.4 ± 6.1 (fallers) | 53.72% | |
| FRSAS (Fall Risk Self Assessment Scale) | Wang et al, 2022[23] | FRSAS (Fall Risk Self Assessment Scale) | 41 | Dichotomous | 222 | Cross-sectional | 73.84 ± 7.46 (65-90) | 63.06% |
Age presented as mean ± SD (range), unless stated otherwise. * in cases that the developer of the original tool is different from the authors of the study.