Table 1.

Major zoonotic infections of wild birds in North America.

Disease	Microorganism(s)	Bird species
Viral encephalitis‡	Arboviruses (WNV, EEE, SLE, WEE)	Numerous species (>110) Crows, Jays, and Raptors are sentinel species for WNV
Lyme disease‡	Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto	Numerous species of songbirds and waterfowl
Influenza‡	Influenza A virus	Waterfowl
Enteropathogens‡	Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus	Numerous species of songbirds, gulls, and waterfowl
Mycobacteriosis	Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium genevense	Numerous species
Chlamydiosis	Chlamydia psittaci	Psittacine birds, pigeons, poultry

^‡ Organisms on the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases list of emerging infectious diseases.

WNV = West Nile virus; EEE = Eastern equine encephalitis virus; SLE = St. Louis encephalitis virus; WEE = Western equine encephalitis virus.