Figure 2.

Disease gene emergence rates along phylostrata, OP counts comparison between the youngest and oldest phylostrata, and disease phenotype enrichment index (PEI) along phylostrata. (A) The disease-gene emergence rate per million years (r) along phylostrata. (B) Density distributions showcase numbers of affected organ phenotypic systems (OPs) for genes originated at primate and Euteleostomi phylostrata. (C) Boxplot distributions showcase the numbers of affected organ phenotypic systems (OPs) for genes grouped by their phylostrata (median values are 4, 8, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10, from left to right). (D) The nonlinear least squares (NLS) regression between pleiotropy score (P) and evolutionary times t with the logistic growth function: $\text{P}\left(t\right)=\frac{P\_\mathit{\text{max}}}{1+\frac{P_{\mathit{\text{max}}}-P\_0}{P\_0}{e}^{-k(t)}}$, k = 1.66, p = 0.000787. The 95% confidence interval is shown shade. P_max and P_0 are empirical medians 10 and 4, respectively) (E) The distribution of phylostrata and OP for the phenotype enrichment index (PEI). The bar plots, colored differently, represent phylostrata, namely Euteleostomi, Tetrapoda, Amniota, and Eutheria, in ascending order of evolutionary ages. The disease systems (OP) are displayed on the horizontal axis and defined in Fig. 1C. The standard deviations of PEI are 3.67 for Eutheria and approximately 2.79 for older phylostrata.