Table 4.

Average ratings of Historical Loss scale (HL)^a

	Mean (sd)
The loss of our land	3.52 (1.22)
The loss of our language	3.51 (1.22)
Losing our traditional spiritual ways	3.45 (1.25)
The loss of our family ties because of boarding/residential schools	3.05 (1.50)
The loss of families from the reservation/reserve/village to government relocation	3.11 (1.43)
The loss of self-respect from poor treatment by government officials	3.41 (1.40)
The loss of trust in whites from broken treaties	3.53 (1.37)
Losing our culture	3.74 (1.24)
The losses from the effects of alcoholism on our people	3.51 (1.35)
Loss of our people through early death	3.33 (1.40)
Overall Scale Average:	3.42 (1.11)

^a6-point scale “Never” = 0, “Several Times a Day” = 5