Table 1. . Summary statistics by region.
| |
Northeast |
Midwest |
South |
West |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utilization | |||||
| Overall TAVR cases |
34,000 (23.3%) |
33,745 (23.1%) |
48,815 (33.5%) |
29,240 (20.1%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Overall TAVR cases with CEP use | 3830 (11.3%) | 3735 (11.1%) | 1530 (3.1%) | 2535 (8.7%) | p = 0.000 |
| TAVR cases by year (n)/CEPD utilization (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| June – December 2017 |
6595 (3.1%) |
6445 (2.5%) |
9055 (.28%) |
5155 (2%) |
p < 0.001 |
| 2018 |
11,580 (11%) |
11,810 (9.4%) |
17,765 (2.1%) |
10,390 (8%) |
p < 0.001 |
| 2019 | 15,825 (14.8%) | 15,490 (15.9%) | 21,995 (5.2%) | 13,695 (11.7%) | p < 0.001 |
| Demographics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean (SD) |
80 (8) |
79 (8) |
78 (8) |
78 (10) |
p < 0.001† |
| Age, Median (IQR) |
81 (75–87) |
80 (74–85) |
78 (72–84) |
79 (72–85) |
|
| Female |
1640 (42.8%) |
1600 (42.8%) |
685 (44.8%) |
1020 (40.2%) |
p = 0.031 |
| Male | 2190 (57.2%) | 2135 (57.2%) | 2845 (55.2%) | 1515 (59.8%) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotid artery disease |
170 (4.4%) |
145 (3.9%) |
80 (5.2%) |
120 (4.7%) |
p = 0.138 |
| Congestive heart failure |
2930 (76.5%) |
2745 (73.5%) |
1240 (81.0%) |
1990 (78.5%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
265 (6.9%) |
225 (6%) |
135 (8.8%) |
160 (6.3%) |
p = 0.002 |
| Diabetes |
1350 (35.2%) |
1395 (37.3%) |
585 (38.2%) |
915 (36.1) |
p = 0.116 |
| Chronic kidney disease |
1110 (29%) |
1330 (35.6%) |
530 (34.6%) |
830 (32.7%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Obesity |
625 (16.3%) |
825 (22.1%) |
285 (18.6%) |
565 (22.3%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Hypertension |
670 (17.5%) |
710 (19.0%) |
215 (14.1%) |
340 (13.4%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter |
1440 (37.6%) |
1515 (40.6%) |
545 (35.6%) |
1005 (39.6%) |
p = 0.002 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 570 (14.9%) | 555 (14.9%) | 285 (18.6%) | 425 (16.8%) | p = 0.001 |
| Medical History | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| History of prior MI |
415 (10.8%) |
595 (15.9%) |
205 (13.4%) |
250 (9.9%) |
p < 0.001 |
| History of PCI |
700 (18.3%) |
855 (22.9%) |
310 (20.3%) |
365 (14.4%) |
p < 0.001 |
| History of CABG |
450 (11.7%) |
650 (17.4%) |
225 (14.7%) |
270 (10.7%) |
p < 0.001 |
| History of stroke or TIA |
485 (12.7%) |
500 (13.4%) |
205 (13.4%) |
340 (13.4%) |
p = 0.750 |
| History of smoking |
1510 (39.4%) |
1375 (36.8%) |
525 (34.3%) |
910 (35.9%) |
p = 0.001 |
| History of prosthetic heart valve | 50 (1.3%) | 80 (2.1%) | 20 (1.3%) | 25 (1%) | p = 0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke |
‡
|
‡
|
‡
|
‡
|
p = 0.001 |
| TIA |
‡
|
‡
|
‡
|
‡
|
p < 0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA, combined |
60 (1.6%) |
50 (1.3%) |
15 (1.0%) |
55 (2.2%) |
p = 0.013 |
| In-hospital death |
‡
|
40 (1.1%) |
‡
|
35 (1.4%) |
p < 0.001 |
| Length of stay, Median (IQR) |
2 (1–4) days |
2 (1–3) days |
2 (1–4) days |
2 (1–3) days |
p < 0.001† |
| Charges, Median (IQR) | $178,723 ($126,586–288,923) | $158,829 ($127,550–200,025) | $181,587 ($133,211–245,774) | $205,532 ($144,783–310,521) | p = 0.000† |
†
One-way ANOVA, otherwise Pearson chi-square.
‡
Counts are blinded to maintain confidentiality.