Table 2. Association Between Being Diagnosed With Schizophrenia and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| Sex (reference, male) | 0.93 (0.89-0.97) | 0.91 (0.87-0.95) |
| Age, y (reference, 5-9) | ||
| 10-14 | 1.14 (1.09-1.19) | 1.12 (1.07-1.17) |
| 15-19 | 1.62 (1.55-1.71) | 1.47 (1.40-1.55) |
| Medicaid (reference, health insurance) | 1.86 (1.75-1.97) | 1.86 (1.75-1.97) |
| Psychiatric hospitalization (reference, none) | 1.73 (1.35-2.21) | 1.05 (0.82-1.35) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity (reference, no psychiatric comorbidities) | 2.51 (2.41-2.61) | 2.14 (2.05-2.23) |
| Psychotropic medication use (reference, none) | ||
| Typical antipsychotics | NA | 1.35 (1.19-1.53) |
| Atypical antipsychotics | NA | 1.96 (1.82-2.11) |
| Anticholinergics | NA | 1.41 (1.26-1.58) |
| Anxiolytics | NA | 1.10 (1.05-1.15) |
| SSRIs/SNRIs | NA | 1.26 (1.18-1.34) |
| TCAs | NA | 1.11 (0.93-1.33) |
| MAOIs and others | NA | 0.96 (0.84-1.09) |
| Antiepileptics | NA | 1.26 (1.17-1.37) |
| Lithium | NA | 1.16 (0.98-1.39) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; MAOIs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors; NA, not applicable; SNRIs, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants.
a
Model 1 adjusted sex, age, health insurance, and psychiatric hospitalization as covariates.
b
Model 2 adjusted sex, age, health insurance, psychiatric hospitalization, and psychotropic medication use as covariates.