Table 3. Association Between Being Diagnosed With Schizophrenia and Psychiatric Comorbidities According to Several Studies.
| Comorbidities | Adjusted HRs (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | |
| Multiple psychiatric comorbidities (reference, none) | ||
| 1 Comorbid disorder | 2.03 (1.94-2.12) | 1.91 (1.83-2.00) |
| 2 Comorbid disorders | 3.54 (3.35-3.75) | 2.94 (2.77-3.13) |
| ≥3 comorbid disorders | 6.53 (6.05-7.04) | 4.26 (3.90-4.65) |
| Individual psychiatric comorbidities | ||
| Depression | 1.82 (1.74-1.91) | 1.68 (1.60-1.77) |
| Anxiety disorder | 1.40 (1.32-1.48) | 1.32 (1.25-1.39) |
| Tic disorder | 2.05 (1.94-2.17) | 1.77 (1.66-1.88) |
| Intellectual disability | 1.91 (1.79-2.03) | 1.83 (1.72-1.95) |
| Conduct disorder | 1.27 (1.18-1.36) | 1.21 (1.12-1.30) |
| ASD | 2.72 (2.52-2.92) | 2.43 (2.26-2.62) |
| Bipolar disorder | 2.22 (2.05-2.40) | 1.67 (1.53-1.83) |
| OCD | 1.87 (1.69-2.07) | 1.64 (1.47-1.82) |
| Nonorganic sleep disorder | 1.57 (1.40-1.77) | 1.40 (1.24-1.58) |
| SUD | 1.22 (0.90-1.65) | 1.11 (0.82-1.52) |
| Individual psychiatric comorbidities (reference, none) | ||
| Depression | 1.98 (1.85-2.12) | 1.90 (1.77-2.03) |
| Anxiety disorder | 1.31 (1.18-1.46) | 1.28 (1.16-1.42) |
| Tic disorder | 2.33 (2.15-2.52) | 2.04 (1.88-2.21) |
| Intellectual disability | 2.35 (2.16-2.56) | 2.29 (2.11-2.49) |
| Conduct disorder | 1.38 (1.23-1.56) | 1.37 (1.22-1.54) |
| ASD | 3.79 (3.41-4.21) | 3.46 (3.11-3.84) |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.67 (1.31-2.13) | 1.57 (1.23-2.00) |
| OCD | 2.92 (2.29-3.72) | 2.46 (1.93-3.14) |
| Nonorganic sleep disorder | 1.05 (0.72-1.52) | 1.04 (0.72-1.50) |
| SUD | 1.51 (0.57-4.02) | 1.52 (0.57-4.05) |
| 2 comorbid disorders | 3.48 (3.29-3.69) | 2.92 (2.75-3.11) |
| ≥3 comorbid disorders | 6.37 (5.91-6.88) | 4.26 (3.90-4.65) |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; HR, hazard ratio; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder; SUD, substance use disorder.
a
Model 1 adjusted sex, age, health insurance, and psychiatric hospitalization as covariates.
b
Model 2 adjusted sex, age, health insurance, psychiatric hospitalization, and psychotropic medication use as covariates.