Table 4.
Differences in muscle activity between HPS and HSP.
| Muscle | Intensity | Beginner | Advanced | Elite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPS (%MVIC) | HSP (%MVIC) | HPS (%MVIC) | HSP (%MVIC) | HPS (%MVIC) | HSP (%MVIC) | |||
| VL | 50% 1-RM | Mean | 161.72 | 162.98 | 200.14 | 347.69 | 355.34 | 229.35 |
| SD | 78.06 | 66.63 | 110.41 | 433.84 | 361.10 | 125.90 | ||
| P | 0.721 | 0.799 | 0.753 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.47 | |||||
| 70% 1-RM | Mean | 183.34 | 177.61 | 371.76 | 296.96 | 232.42 | 258.21 | |
| SD | 70.96 | 73.35 | 374.29 | 246.56 | 166.54 | 127.68 | ||
| P | 0.646 | 0.139 | 0.345 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.17 | |||||
| 90% 1-RM | Mean | 184.20 | 169.07 | 337.64 | 297.68 | 279.68 | 308.30 | |
| SD | 67.51 | 85.82 | 276.45 | 342.17 | 224.60 | 279.68 | ||
| P | 0.575 | 0.333 | 0.345 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.14 | |||||
| GM | 50% 1-RM | Mean | 102.43 | 115.92 | 142.50 | 125.22 | 135.18 | 169.33 |
| SD | 94.50 | 50.27 | 112.90 | 80.28 | 81.17 | 134.25 | ||
| P | 0.182 | 0.386 | 0.345 | |||||
| Hedges’g | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.31 | |||||
| 70% 1-RM | Mean | 130.88 | 153.79 | 159.29 | 189.33 | 192.78 | 164.75 | |
| SD | 94.50 | 99.62 | 124.30 | 179.64 | 135.16 | 112.78 | ||
| P | 0.477 | 0.386 | 0.917 | |||||
| Hedges’g | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.23 | |||||
| 90% 1-RM | Mean | 141.19 | 165.12 | 143.97 | 183.92 | 249.03 | 207.87 | |
| SD | 120.77 | 179.79 | 71.51 | 202.54 | 161.38 | 233.46 | ||
| P | 0.657 | 0.953 | 0.345 | |||||
| Hedges’g | 0.16 | 0.26 | 0.21 | |||||
| RA | 50% 1-RM | Mean | 132.30 | 50.30 | 125.63 | 49.19 | 231.29 | 169.27 |
| SD | 240.25 | 44.51 | 121.07 | 42.74 | 389.60 | 247.92 | ||
| P | 0.213 | 0.059 | 0.753 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.47 | 0.84 | 0.19 | |||||
| 70% 1-RM | Mean | 63.24 | 37.82 | 114.74 | 129.32 | 70.52 | 121.23 | |
| SD | 106.33 | 42.14 | 134.45 | 200.52 | 53.18 | 102.85 | ||
| P | 0.445 | 0.959 | 0.075 | |||||
| Hedges’g | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.62 | |||||
| 90% 1-RM | Mean | 95.32 | 64.93 | 120.70 | 144.87 | 186.08 | 240.58 | |
| SD | 164.57 | 88.98 | 138.22 | 211.84 | 131.53 | 385.17 | ||
| P | 0.169 | 0.721 | 0.753 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.19 | |||||
| ES | 50% 1-RM | Mean | 158.05 | 131.26 | 175.69 | 101.97 | 294.28 | 147.35 |
| SD | 264.05 | 166.40 | 134.95 | 99.91 | 152.77 | 147.64 | ||
| P | 0.721 | 0.047* | 0.043* | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.12 | 0.62 | 0.98 | |||||
| 70% 1-RM | Mean | 152.22 | 136.82 | 193.99 | 175.52 | 337.02 | 141.21 | |
| SD | 201.86 | 185.73 | 134.95 | 212.25 | 268.49 | 150.60 | ||
| P | 0.155 | 0.241 | 0.043* | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.87 | |||||
| 90% 1-RM | Mean | 215.68 | 144.53 | 142.79 | 141.28 | 371.62 | 211.80 | |
| SD | 321.69 | 185.68 | 72.54 | 106.05 | 271.60 | 190.72 | ||
| P | 0.026* | 0.878 | 0.043* | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.67 | |||||
| TZ | 50% 1-RM | Mean | 119.57 | 112.60 | 63.29 | 54.32 | 71.69 | 78.58 |
| SD | 79.96 | 97.90 | 20.82 | 20.74 | 23.21 | 27.10 | ||
| P | 0.722 | 0.333 | 0.028* | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.08 | 0.43 | 0.27 | |||||
| 70% 1-RM | Mean | 109.64 | 105.92 | 70.61 | 56.59 | 75.14 | 91.47 | |
| SD | 91.53 | 78.37 | 32.01 | 29.02 | 39.50 | 40.39 | ||
| P | 0.657 | 0.169 | 0.116 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.04 | 0.46 | 0.41 | |||||
| 90% 1-RM | Mean | 94.91 | 104.71 | 65.61 | 61.19 | 78.86 | 80.91 | |
| SD | 62.79 | 95.46 | 29.87 | 27.19 | 43.16 | 34.97 | ||
| P | 0.790 | 0.721 | 0.600 | |||||
| Hedges‘g | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.05 | |||||
Values are presented as mean ± SD; MVIC = maximal voluntary isometric contraction; VL = M. vastus lateralis; GM = M. gluteus maximus; RA = M. rectus abdominis; ES = M. erector spinae; TZ = M. trapezius.
*Statistically significant difference