Table 3.
Effects and interaction of Group and Technique on variables of economy.
| ANOVA results | Direct comparisons | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F | p | Partial η2 | Obs. power | Novices | Swimmers | Experts | ||
| PRT | Group | 2, 49 | 1.314 | .278 | .051 | .271 | 1=2=3=4 and 2(=)4 | 1=2=3<4 and 2<4 | 1=2>3=4 and 2>4 |
| Technique | 3, 147 | 3.715 | .013 | .070 | .798 | All equally economic | 4 least economic | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 6, 96 | 5.057 | .000 | .171 | .992 | ||||
| TLX raw | Group | 2, 49 | 11.065 | .000 | .311 | .988 | 1>2=3<4 and 2<4 | 1(=)2>3<4 and 2=4 | 1=2>3=4 and 2>4 |
| Technique | 2.6, 127.3 | 20.423 | .000 | .294 | 1.00 | 2 and 3 most economic | 3 most economic | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 5.2, 83.2 | 9.001 | .000 | .269 | 1.00 | ||||
| TLX cog. | Group | 2,49 | 10.484 | <.001 | .907 | 1.00 | |||
| Technique | 3,147 | 15.952 | <.001 | .246 | 1.00 | 1=2=3=4 and 2<4 | 1=2>3<4 1>3 | 1=2>3=4 and 1>3, 1>4, 2>4 | |
| Group x Technique | 6,96 | 8.529 | <.001 | .258 | 1.00 | T4 less economic than T2 | T3 most economic | T3 and T4 most economic | |
| RPE | Group | 2, 49 | 8.513 | .001 | .258 | .957 | 1>2=3<4, 2<4 | 1>2>3<4 and 2=4 | 1>2>3=4 and 2>4 |
| Technique | 2.5, 122.2 | 26.964 | .000 | .355 | 1.00 | 2 and 3 most economic | 3 most economic | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 5.0, 80 | 7.511 | .000 | .235 | .999 | ||||
| HR | Group | 2, 49 | 1.891 | .162 | .072 | .374 | 1=2=3=4 and 2=4 | 1=2>3<4 and 2=4 | 1=2>3=4 and 2>4 |
| Technique | 2.3, 110.3 | 7.143 | .001 | .127 | .946 | All equally economic | 3 most economic | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 4.5, 72 | 4.304 | .002 | .149 | .979 | Experts | |||
| V̇O2 | Group | 2,49 | 6.683 | .003 | .214 | .898 | 1=2>3=4 and 2>4 | ||
| Technique | 2.5, 120.7 | 24.27 | <.001 | .330 | 1.00 | 1=2=3=4 | 1<2>3<4 | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 4.9, 78.8 | 6.97 | <.001 | .222 | .998 | All equally economic | T3 lowest | ||
| Movement Quality | Group | 2, 49 | 35.114 | <.001 | .589 | 1.00 | 1=2>3=4 and 2>4 | ||
| Technique | 3, 147 | 10.365 | <.001 | .175 | .998 | 1=2=3>4 and 2>4 | 1=2=3>4 and 2>4 | 3 and 4 most economic | |
| Group x Technique | 6, 96 | 6.978 | <.001 | .222 | 1.00 | 4 worst | 4 worst | ||
Abbreviations: HR = heart rate, RPE = rating of perceived exertion, PRT = probe reaction time, V̇O2 = oxygen consumption relative to head-out immersed body weight (mL/min/kg), TLXcog = cognitive subscale of NASA TLX. Techniques: 1 running, 2 flutter kick, 3 breaststroke, 4 eggbeater. Note: Bonferroni corrections used for post-hoc comparisons.