Table 1.
Comparison of general information between the control and case groupsa.
| Variables | Non–PICC-UEb (n=3107) | PICC-UE (n=284) | Chi-square/F test (df) | P value | |
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
6.349c (1) | .01d | |
|
|
Male | 1486 (47.83) | 158 (55.63) |
|
|
| Female | 1621 (52.17) | 126 (44.37) |
|
|
|
| Age (years), n (%) |
|
|
14.431c (5) | .01d | |
|
|
0-11 | 57 (1.83) | 3 (1.06) |
|
|
| 12-18 | 73 (2.35) | 5 (1.76) |
|
|
|
| 19-35 | 208 (6.69) | 15 (5.28) |
|
|
|
| 36-59 | 1695 (54.55) | 140 (49.30) |
|
|
|
| 60-75 | 962 (30.96) | 100 (35.21) |
|
|
|
| ≥76 | 112 (3.60) | 21 (7.39) |
|
|
|
| Tumor type , n (%) |
|
|
15.289c (8) | .05 | |
|
|
Lung cancer | 794 (25.56) | 89 (31.34) |
|
|
| Thymic cancer breast cancer | 745 (23.98) | 83 (29.23) |
|
|
|
| Gastro-colorectal cancer | 464 (14.93) | 27 (9.51) |
|
|
|
| Hematologic tumors | 407 (13.10) | 30 (10.56) |
|
|
|
| Cervical cancer | 187 (6.02) | 16 (5.63) |
|
|
|
| Head-neck tumors | 146 (4.70) | 8 (2.82) |
|
|
|
| Hepatobiliary-pancreatic tumors | 93 (2.99) | 9 (3.17) |
|
|
|
| Intracranial tumors | 95 (3.06) | 8 (2.82) |
|
|
|
| Others | 176 (5.66) | 14 (4.93) |
|
|
|
| Educational level, n (%) |
|
|
8.088c (3) | .04d | |
|
|
Illiterate primary and junior high schools | 1399 (45.03) | 152 (53.52) |
|
|
| Secondary and high school | 861 (27.71) | 69 (24.30) |
|
|
|
| College bachelor’s degree | 788 (25.36) | 60 (21.13) |
|
|
|
| Master’s degree doctorate | 59 (1.90) | 3 (1.06) |
|
|
|
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) |
|
|
33.741c (2) | <.001d | |
|
|
<18.5 | 201 (6.47) | 18 (6.34) |
|
|
| 18.5-24.0 | 1945 (62.60) | 131 (46.13) |
|
|
|
| >24.0 | 961 (30.93) | 135 (47.54) |
|
|
|
| Alcohol history, n (%) |
|
|
2.123c (1) | .15 | |
|
|
None | 2739 (88.16) | 242 (85.21) |
|
|
| Yes | 368 (11.84) | 42 (14.79) |
|
|
|
| Mental status, n (%) |
|
|
5.529c (1) | .02d | |
|
|
Sobriety | 2930 (94.30) | 258 (90.85) |
|
|
| Blurred consciousness | 177 (5.70) | 26 (9.15) |
|
|
|
| Cooperation, n (%) |
|
|
8.528c (1) | .004d | |
|
|
Cooperative | 2909 (93.63) | 253 (89.08) |
|
|
| Noncooperative | 198 (6.37) | 31 (10.92) |
|
|
|
| Physical mobility, n (%) |
|
|
43.276c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
Normal | 2884 (92.82) | 232 (81.69) |
|
|
| Abnormal | 223 (7.18) | 52 (18.31) |
|
|
|
| History of deep vein thrombosis, n (%) |
|
|
12.799c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
None | 2909 (93.63) | 250 (88.03) |
|
|
| Yes | 198 (6.37) | 34 (11.97) |
|
|
|
| History of central venous placement, n (%) |
|
|
7.724e (3) | .05 | |
|
|
None | 2720 (87.54) | 233 (82.04) |
|
|
| 1 | 235 (7.56) | 29 (10.21) |
|
|
|
| 2 | 107 (3.44) | 15 (5.28) |
|
|
|
| ≥3 | 45 (1.45) | 7 (2.46) |
|
|
|
| Diabetes, n (%) |
|
|
13.381c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
None | 2935 (94.46) | 253 (89.08) |
|
|
| Yes | 172 (5.54) | 31 (10.92) |
|
|
|
| Hypertension, n (%) |
|
|
0.149c (1) | .70 | |
|
|
None | 2875 (92.53) | 261 (91.90) |
|
|
| Yes | 232 (7.47) | 23 (8.10) |
|
|
|
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) |
|
|
3.023c (1) | .08 | |
|
|
None | 2897 (93.24) | 257 (90.49) |
|
|
| Yes | 210 (6.76) | 27 (9.51) |
|
|
|
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) |
|
|
14.841c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
None | 2864 (92.18) | 243 (85.56) |
|
|
| Yes | 243 (7.82) | 41 (14.44) |
|
|
|
| Surgical history, n (%) |
|
|
21.580c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
None | 1935 (62.28) | 137 (48.24) |
|
|
| Yes | 1172 (37.72) | 147 (51.76) |
|
|
|
| D-dimer concentration, n (%) (mg/dl) |
|
|
66.054c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
≤0.5 | 2632 (84.71) | 187 (65.85) |
|
|
| >0.5 | 475 (15.29) | 97 (34.15) |
|
|
|
| Fibrinogen concentration, n (%) (mg/dl) |
|
|
10.658c (2) | .005d | |
|
|
Lower | 94 (3.03) | 7 (2.46) |
|
|
| Normal | 2315 (74.51) | 189 (66.55) |
|
|
|
| Higher | 698 (22.47) | 88 (30.99) |
|
|
|
| Radiotherapy treatment, n (%) |
|
|
3.464c (1) | .06 | |
|
|
None | 2828 (91.02) | 249 (87.68) |
|
|
| Yes | 279 (8.98) | 35 (12.32) |
|
|
|
| Targeted therapy, n (%) |
|
|
12.042c (1) | .001d | |
|
|
None | 1460 (46.99) | 103 (36.27) |
|
|
| Yes | 1647 (53.01) | 181 (63.73) |
|
|
|
| Surgical treatment, n (%) |
|
|
26.409c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
None | 2483 (79.92) | 190 (66.90) |
|
|
| Yes | 624 (20.08) | 94 (33.10) |
|
|
|
| Anticoagulation, n (%) |
|
|
2.759c (1) | .09 | |
|
|
None | 2903 (93.43) | 258 (90.85) |
|
|
| Yes | 204 (6.57) | 26 (9.15) |
|
|
|
| Chemotherapy treatment, n (%) |
|
|
2.016c (1) | .16 | |
|
|
None | 433 (13.94) | 31 (10.92) |
|
|
| Yes | 2674 (86.06) | 253 (89.08) |
|
|
|
| Hyperosmolar drugs, n (%) |
|
|
9.783c (1) | .002d | |
|
|
None | 1460 (46.99) | 106 (37.32) |
|
|
| Yes | 1647 (53.01) | 178 (62.68) |
|
|
|
| Limb on side of placement, n (%) |
|
|
5.718e (3) | .13 | |
|
|
Left upper extremity | 1570 (50.53) | 131 (46.13) |
|
|
| Right upper extremity | 1467 (47.22) | 141 (49.65) |
|
|
|
| Left lower extremity | 37 (1.19) | 7 (2.46) |
|
|
|
| Right lower extremity | 33 (1.06) | 5 (1.76) |
|
|
|
| Puncture method, n (%) |
|
|
0.170c (2) | .92 | |
|
|
Blind | 98 (3.15) | 10 (3.52) |
|
|
| Blind-MSTf | 164 (5.28) | 14 (4.93) |
|
|
|
| Bright scan ultrasound-MST | 2845 (91.57) | 260 (91.55) |
|
|
|
| Puncture times, n (%) |
|
|
11.900c (1) | .001d | |
|
|
1 | 2928 (94.24) | 253 (89.08) |
|
|
| Many times | 179 (5.76) | 31 (10.92) |
|
|
|
| Catheter gauge (Fr), n (%) |
|
|
3.678e (3) | .26 | |
|
|
1.9 | 6 (0.19) | 2 (0.70) |
|
|
| 3 | 82 (2.64) | 5 (1.76) |
|
|
|
| 4 | 2847 (91.63) | 260 (91.55) |
|
|
|
| 5 | 172 (5.54) | 17 (5.99) |
|
|
|
| Catheter lumen, n (%) |
|
|
0.984c (1) | .32 | |
|
|
Single chamber | 2763 (88.93) | 258 (90.85) |
|
|
| Double chamber | 344 (11.07) | 26 (9.15) |
|
|
|
| Catheter material, n (%) |
|
|
13.010c (1) | <.001d | |
|
|
Silicone | 1308 (42.10) | 151 (53.17) |
|
|
| Polyurethane | 1799 (57.90) | 133 (46.83) |
|
|
|
| Presence of valve, n (%) |
|
|
8.821c (1) | .003d | |
|
|
None | 1314 (42.29) | 146 (51.41) |
|
|
| Yes | 1793 (57.71) | 138 (48.59) |
|
|
|
| Whether high-pressure–resistant catheter, n (%) |
|
|
0.791c (1) | .37 | |
|
|
None | 2435 (78.37) | 229 (80.63) |
|
|
| Yes | 672 (21.63) | 55 (19.37) |
|
|
|
aThe mean catheter indwelling time for all participants is 91.22 (SD 78.88) days, for the non–PICC-UE group is 91.26 (SD 80.15) days, and for the PICC-UE group is 90.79 (SD 78.95) days (unpaired 2-tailed t test =.009; P=.92).
bPICC-UE: unplanned extubation of the peripherally inserted central catheter.
cChi-square test
d2-tailed P<.05.
eFisher exact test.
fMST: modified Seldinger technique.