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. 2023 Nov 15;11:1296825. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1296825

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© 2023 Mi, He, Li, Yang, Liu, Zhao, Gao, Li and Zhou.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The surgical procedure involved (A) transesophageal ultrasound for PFO visualization; (B) guidance of the contrast catheter to the interatrial septum with a soft-tip guide wire under transesophageal ultrasound monitoring; (C) passage of the guide wire through the PFO; (D) placement of the guide wire into the left superior pulmonary vein; (E) exchange of the contrast catheter for the occluder delivery sheath; (F) withdrawal of the soft-tip guide wire; (G) passage of the occluder along the delivery sheath to the left atrium, releasing the left atrial umbrella; (H) retraction of the delivery sheath to release the right atrial umbrella; (I) traction testing to confirm good fixation of the occluder; (J) release of the PFO occluder. All key steps in the diagram are pointed out with green arrows in the diagram.