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Cytokine measurement from human PBMCs-derived M1 macrophages supernatant. TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) protein concentration were determined by ELISA assay from M1 macrophages supernatant treated with serial dose range of PolySia-NPs and blank-NPs (0.04−2.1 mg/mL) in presence of LPS overnight. IL-1β (C), VEGF (D) was also measured in M1 macrophages treated with a serial dose of PolySia-NPs (0.01−1 mg/mL) overnight. LPS served as a positive control. Mean ± SEM. *p<0.05.
