Table 3.

Comparative immune and metabolic changes in cancer and helminth infections.

	Cancer	Helminths
Main immune alteration	Immunosuppression Immune evasion	Modified Th2 response Immune evasion
Main immune cells involved	-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) -TAMs -T regs	-Th2 cells -M2 polarization -Tregs
Immunometabolic landmarks	-Nutrient deprivation (glucose and amino acids) -Warburg effect -Lactate production (generation of acidic TME) -Interaction with host lipid metabolism -Stimulation of FAO, OXPHOS in immune effector cells	-Nutrient deprivation (glucose and glutamine) -Interference with mTOR and other anabolic pathways -Interaction with host lipid metabolism -Stimulation of FAO, OXPHOS in immune effector cells
Net effects of immunometabolic alterations	-Immune tolerance against the tumor -Downregulation of immune surveillance -Tumoral growth, invasion and metastasis	-Immune modulation -Generation of an anti-inflammatory, tolerogenic microenvironment -Nutrient availability for parasite development and reproduction